Park Grass

Datasets Key information Site and Design Media Bibliography
  • Experiment Code: R/PG/5
  • Experiment Site: Rothamsted
  • Objectives: Originally to study the effects of organic and inorganic amendments and lime on old grass for hay, latterly also for effects on botanical composition.
  • Date Start: 1856
  • Date End: Ongoing
  • Key Contacts: Sarah Perryman, (Data Manager), 0000-0002-0056-2754 , Jon Storkey, (Experiment Manager), 0000-0003-1094-8914 , Andy Gregory, (Principal Investigator), Margaret Glendining, 0000-0002-6466-4629 ,

Description

    • Because of the earlier experiments had showed that different crops require different amounts and ratios of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (p) and potassium (K), Lawes and Gilbert extended their experiments in 1856 to include the mixed plant population of old grassland. The Park Grass experiment was established on c.2.8 ha of parkland that had been in permanent pasture for at least 100 years. Started by Lawes and Gilbert in 1856, its original purpose was to investigate ways of improving the yield of hay by the application of inorganic fertilisers or organic manures. Within 2-3 years it became clear that these treatments were having a dramatic effect on the species composition of what had been a uniform sward comprising about 50 species. Dramatically different swards have evolved as a result of the different pH and nutrient status of the soils. There are 35-45 species on the unfertilised plots but only 2 or 3 species on some of the fertilised plots. The continuing effects on species diversity and on soil function of the original treatments, together with later tests of liming and interactions with atmospheric inputs and climate change, has meant that Park Grass has become increasingly important to ecologists and soil scientists. A study published in the journal Nature shows that grassland diversity on the Park Grass experiment recovered once atmospheric nitrogen pollution reduced (Storkey et. al. 2015). The harvesting methods have changed as farming practices have modernised (see More). The plots are cut for hay in mid-June. The first cut for hay ensures seeds are returned each year. The management of the aftermath following the first hay cut varied in the early years, either being grazed by sheep or cut green. Since the 1890s the second crop has been cut green and removed. In some years a third cut has also been taken. Studies have also been made of the botanical composition of the plots both through visual surveys and by looking at the percentage contribution to the hay made by the various species (see More). Herbage yields are recorded each year. Physical samples of crops and soils have been preserved in the Rothamsted Sample Archive. The experiment also includes a small area used for micro-plot experiments. Since January 2020 twelve sub-plots have three soil moisture probes. The experiment has had three main phases (see Design Periods). Park Grass is a Genomic Observatory - a geographic site with a rich history of environmental/ecological data collection and a long-term commitment to future studies. The Park Grass soil metagenome from the untreated control plot 3d is now publicly available (see Related Documents). Park Grass is both an Environmental Change Network (ECN) data site and an Ecological Continuity Trust site (see Related Documents).

Funding

  • The e-RA database, including the published datasets generated from it, is part of the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments - National Bioscience Research Infrastructure (RLTE-NBRI) , which also includes the Long-Term Experiments, the Sample Archive and Rothamsted's environmental monitoring activities including the weather stations and its role in the UK Environmental Change Network.
  • The RLTE-NBRI is supported by the Lawes Agricultural Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Grants BBS/E/C/00005189 (2012-2017); BBS/E/C/000J0300 (2017-2022); BBS/E/RH/23NB0007 (2023-2028)).

Keywords

  • arable farming, bacterial genomes, biogeochemical cycle, botanical composition, calcium, crop yield, ecological metagenomes, experimental design, farmyard manure, fertilizer, fish meal, flora, hay, liming, long term experiments, microbial ecology, nitrogen content, nitrogen fertilizers, park grass long-term experiment, permanent grassland, phosphorous, phosphorus fertilizers, plant available phosphorus, plant population, potassium, potassium fertilizers, poultry manure, rothamsted research, soil, soil fertility, soil microbiome, soil ph, species diversity, straw

Datasets available

Title (hover for a longer description) Year of Publication Identifier Version

Crop yield data - Annual

Park Grass Fertilizer Treatments and Hay Yields 1856-1902 2025 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-PGYields1856-1902-1
 01
Park Grass Hay Yields, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1903-1964 2025 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-OAyieldsperiod2-2
 02
Park Grass Hay Yields, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1965-2018 2021 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-yields1965-2018-01
 01
Park Grass Hay Yields, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1965-2023 2024 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-yields6523-01
 01
Park Grass Yields and Fertilizer Treatments 1965-2024 2024 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-PGYields19652024-1
 01

Experiment details

Park Grass Experiment organic manure chemical composition 1856-2017 2024 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-FYM-01
 01
Park Grass Plot & Treatments Timeline 1856-2025 2025 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-PGtimeline-1856-2025-01
 01

Soil data

Park Grass Soil pH 1856-2011 2016 https://doi.org/10.23637/KeyRefOAPGsoilpH
 01
Park Grass Metaproteome 2022 https://doi.org/10.6019/PXD017392
 01
Park Grass Soil pH 1876-2023 2025 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-PGsoilpH-1876-2023-01
 01
Park Grass 1993 soil transects across adjacent pairs of sub-plots with contrasting treatments 2025 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-transects-01
 01

Species observation data

Park Grass Changes in Mean Species Numbers 1864-2011 2016 https://doi.org/10.23637/KeyRefOAPGspecies
 01
Park Grass Species, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 2010-2012 2022 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-species_2010-2012-01
 01
Park Grass Species, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1991-2000 2021 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-species_1991-2000-01
 01
Park Grass Plot Photos 2022 https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-plotphotos-01
 01
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Key Information

Plans and treatments

Plans, fertilizer treatments and liming details for the Park Grass experiment

Open

Botanical composition

Information about the botanical surveys

Open

Harvesting methods

how yield has been measured and important changes in harvesting methods over the years, including yield correction factor

Open

Links

related to Park Grass

Open

Soil properties

Information about soil chemical and physical properties

Open

Site: Park Grass - Rothamsted

  • Experiment Site: Rothamsted
  • Description: The experiment was established on c. 2.8 ha of parkland that had been in permanent pasture for at least 100 years.
  • Visit Permitted?: Yes
  • Visiting Arrangments: By arrangement with Dr Andy Macdonald
  • Elevation: 133 Metres
  • Geolocation:    51.803812, -0.372097

Soil

  • Type: Luvisol
    Silty clay loam over clay-with-flints overlying chalk. The site is normally well drained (Hook series) or moderately well drained (Batcombe series)
  • Soil Properties
Variable Value Reference Year Is Estimated Is Baseline
Sand content 11.6% (Percent) NO NO
Silt content 66.3% (Percent) NO NO
Clay content 22.1% (Percent) NO NO
Soil density 1.1g/cm3 (gram per cubic centimetre) 2011 NO NO

Experiment Design

  1. 1 - First period - 1856 - 1902
  2. 2 - Second period - 1903 - 1964
  3. 3 - Third period - 1965 - Now

Use the arrows to navigate between periods

- 1 - First period - 1856 - 1902 -

Description

  • There were originally 20 plots, some split (see Plan 1865). Plot nomenclature in 1856-1902 is complex. Yields are given for the whole plot, eg plot 3, 1856-1885. From 1881-1902, yields from the small area chalked in 1881 are referred to as 'C' eg 3C, and from the much larger unchalked area as 'UC' eg 3UC. Separate yields were not recorded for the limed and unlimed Western and Eastern halves in 1883 and 1887, but in some years, eg 1887 and 1889, yields are shown for the Western (W) and Eastern (E) parts of the areas chalked (C) and unchalked (UC) in 1881, eg Plots 3EU, 3WC. Plots areas are shown in e-RA, which helps with understanding which parts of the plots are referred to.

Design

  • Period: 1856 - 1902
  • Number of Plots: 20
  • Number of Sub-plots:

Crops

Crop Years Grown
Grass

Factors

Factors are the interventions or treatments which vary across the experiment.

Level Name Factor Name Amount Years Frequency Method Chemical Form Notes
N1 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 52 kgN/ha - Ammonium Sulfate
N2 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 104 kgN/ha - Ammonium Sulfate
N3 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 156 kgN/ha - Ammonium Sulfate
N1* Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 52 kgN/ha - Ammonium Nitrate
N2* Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 104 kgN/ha - Ammonium Nitrate
Farmyard Manure Natural Fertilizer Exposure - Once Every 4 Years
Fish Meal Natural Fertilizer Exposure - Once Every 4 Years To supply 68 kgN/ha.
P Superphosphate Exposure 36 kgP/ha -
K Potassium Fertilizer Exposure 242 kgK/ha - Potassium Sulphate
Na Sodium Nutrient Exposure 17 kgNa/ha - Sodium Sulphate
Mg Magnesium Nutrient Exposure 12 kgMg/ha - Magnesium Sulfate
Si Silicon Nutrient Exposure 28 - Silicate of Soda

Measurements

Variable Unit Collection
Frequency		 Material Description
Yield Components t/ha Biannual SpecifiedCrop 1st and 2nd cuts, available from 1856-present.
Partial Botanical Separation Data Selected Years. Biannual. Percentage composition of gramineae, leguminosae and other orders. Complete Botanical Separation Data. Selected years 1862-1976.
Complete Botanical Separation Data Selected Years. Biannual. Percentage composition of species on plot. Selected years 1862-1976.
Soil Total Carbon Variable data available for 1876, 1886, (1932, 1959, 1966, 1985, 1991)
Total Soil Nitrogen Variable data available for 1876, 1886, (1913, 1932, 1959, 1966, 1985, 1991)
Soil pH Variable data available for 1876, (1923, 1959, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1984, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014)
Olsen P mg/kg Variable From 1876 -
Total P mg/kg Variable
Soil Weight t/ha Variable From 1870 -
Root Mass t/ha Variable From 1870 -

- - 2 - Second period - 1903 - 1964 -

Description

  • Plots were divided into two in 1903 to test the effects of regular applications of lime.

Design

  • Period: 1903 - 1964

Crops

Crop Years Grown
Grass

Measurements

Variable Unit Collection
Frequency		 Material Description
Yield Components t/ha Biannual. 1st and 2nd cuts, available from 1856-present.
Partial Botanical Separation Data Selected Years. Biannual. Percentage composition of gramineae, leguminosae and other orders. Complete Botanical Separation Data. Selected years 1862-1976.
Complete Botanical Separation Data Selected Years. Biannual. Percentage composition of species on plot. Selected years 1862-1976.
Soil Total Carbon Variable data available for 1876, 1886, 1932, 1959, 1966, 1985, 1991
Total Soil Nitrogen Variable data available for (1876, 1886), 1913, 1932, 1959, (1966, 1985, 1991)
Soil pH Variable data available for (1876), 1923, 1959, (1967, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1984, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014)
Olsen P mg/kg Variable From 1876 -
Total P mg/kg Variable From 1876 -
Soil Weight t/ha Variable From 1870 -
Root Mass t/ha Variable From 1870 -

- - 3 - Third period - 1965 - Now

Description

  • In 1965 most plots were divided into four sub-plots, three of which receive chalk to maintain pHs of 7, 6 and 5 (sub-plots a, b and c respectively). The fourth sub-plot (sub-plot d) receives no chalk and the pH of these ranges from 3.5 to 5.7 depending on the fertilizer treatment. From 1965 plots 5/1, 5/2 and 6 were used for microplot experiments. Plots 6a and 6b were re-included in the main experiment in 1972 but the other half of plot 6 (6c and 6d) and plots 5/1 and 5/2 have remained outside the main experiment. Since 1990, nitrogen fertilizer has been withheld from half of all sub-plots formerly receiving 96 kg N ha-1 (plots 9 and 14) as either ammonium sulphate or sodium nitrate to study processes controlling soil acidification, heavy-metal mobilisation and botanical changes. Since 1995, plot 13 has been split into 13/1 and 13/2 and FYM/Fishmeal withheld from plot 13/1. Since 1996 plot 2 has been split into 2/1 and 2/2 with plot 2/1 receiving K as potassium sulphate. In 2013 plot 7 (PKNaMg) was divided into two equal sized plots, 7/1 and 7/2. This was to test whether P fertilizer was still required, because large reserves of P have built up in the soil. No P fertilizer was applied to Plot 7/1, but K, Na and Mg applications continued. Plot 7/2 continued as before (i.e. it received PKNaMg). In addition, N applications began on plot 15; 144kg N/ha as sodium nitrate to provide a comparison with plot 11/1 which receives the same amount of N as ammonium sulphate together with P, K, Na & Mg. From autumn 2016 all plots previously receiving 35 kg P ha-1 as triple superphosphate will receive 17 kg P ha-1 (until further notice) because of the high levels of available soil P from past P inputs. The P application to plot 20 will remain unchanged. Current K, Mg and Na rates on Park Grass remain unchanged. Yields are given for the four sub-plots, eg 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d.

Design

  • Period: 1965 - Now

Crops

Crop Years Grown
Grass

Factors

Factors are the interventions or treatments which vary across the experiment.

Level Name Factor Name Amount Years Frequency Method Chemical Form Notes
N1 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 48 kgN/ha - Ammonium Sulfate
N2 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 96 kgN/ha - Ammonium Sulfate
N3 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 144 kgN/ha - Ammonium Sulfate
N*1 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 48 kgN/ha - Ammonium Nitrate
N*2 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 96 kgN/ha - Ammonium Nitrate
N*3 Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 144 kgN/ha - Ammonium Nitrate
(n2) Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 96 kgN/ha - 1989 Ammonium Sulfate
(n*2) Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure 96 kgN/ha - 1989 Ammonium Nitrate
Farmyard Manure Natural Fertilizer Exposure 35 t/ha - Applied Every Fourth Year supplies c.240 kg N
Pelleted Poultry Manure Natural Fertilizer Exposure - replaced fish meal in 2003; supplies c.65 kg N
P Superphosphate Exposure 17 kgP/ha - Applied in Winter Triple Superphosphate
K Potassium Fertilizer Exposure 17 kgK/ha - Applied in Winter Potassium Sulphate
Na Sodium Nutrient Exposure 15 kgNa/ha - Applied in Winter Sodium Sulphate
Mg Magnesium Nutrient Exposure 10 kgMg/ha - Applied in Winter Magnesium Sulfate
Si Silicon Nutrient Exposure 450 - Applied in Winter Sodium Silicate
Lime Liming Exposure - Applied Every Third Year Since 1995, Every 4 Years Before Then Calcium Carbonate sub-plot d does not receive any chalk

Measurements

Variable Unit Collection
Frequency		 Material Description
Yield Components Two Cuts per Year SpecifiedCrop every year from 1856 - present
Botanical Composition Variable complete separations of hay selected years 1862-1976; partial separations of hay 1862-1976; complete species botanical surveys 1991-2000*below
Soil Total Carbon Variable data available for 1876, 1886, 1932, 1959, 1966, 1985, 1991
Total Soil Nitrogen Variable data available for (1876, 1886, 1913, 1932, 1959) 1966, 1985, 1991
Soil pH Variable data available for (1876, 1923, 1959) 1967, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1984, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014
Olsen P mg/kg Variable
Total P Variable From 1876
Soil Weight t/ha Variable From 1870
Root Mass t/ha Variable From 1870
Exchangeable Cations mg/kg Variable K, Mg, Ca, Na in air-dried soil. From 1991-2011.
*botanical Survey Data Annual 1991-2000 by Imperial College. Weight of species in replicates > % compostition
Botanical Survey Data 2 Years 1993-1994. Mass effects study by Imperial college, as described by Kunin, 1998
Leafhoppers 2 Years Leafhoppers (Auchenorhyncha) on 13 plots sampled five time in the summers of 1977 and 1978, as described by Morris, 1992
Soil Moisture Since January 2020
Atmospheric Chemistry Dry deposition of NO2 (Atmospheric Chemistry, AN) measured on Park Grass by, and available through, the Environmental Change Network (ECN)
Precipitation Chemistry Wet deposition (precipitation chemistry, PC) measured on Park Grass by, and available through, the Environmental Change Network (ECN)

License

Creative Commons License These media (images and videos) are available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence (4.0) with attribution to Rothamsted Research.

Videos

Video on the Park Grass Experiment

A visually engaging short film on the Park Grass experiment presented by Dr Johnathan Storkey.

Images

Par Grass - 2015Par Grass - 2015 eRA Curator
Park Grass - 1881Park Grass - 1881 eRA Curator
Park Grass - 1865Park Grass - 1865 eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2005Park Grass - 2005 eRA Curator
Park Grass June - 2005Park Grass June - 2005 eRA Curator
Park Grass aerial - 2005Park Grass aerial - 2005 eRA Curator
Park Grass todayPark Grass today eRA Curator
Rothamsted Map - 1623Rothamsted Map - 1623 eRA Curator
Storkey Fig4Storkey Fig4 eRA Curator
ECN plot Park Grass - ECNECN plot Park Grass - ECN eRA Curator
Metasoil diagramMetasoil diagram eRA Curator
Park Grass medPark Grass med eRA Curator
Park Grass - 1961Park Grass - 1961 eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut cuttingPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut cutting eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut dried samplesPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut dried samples eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut labelled sample tinsPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut labelled sample tins eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut processingPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut processing eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut rakingPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut raking eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut sample boxesPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut sample boxes eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut scalesPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut scales eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut stripPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut strip eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut weighingPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut weighing eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2015 2nd cut wet weightPark Grass - 2015 2nd cut wet weight eRA Curator
Park Grass - 2016Park Grass - 2016 eRA Curator
Park Grass 2d and 12d - 09 JUNE 2005Park Grass 2d and 12d - 09 JUNE 2005 eRA Curator
Park Grass June - 2005Park Grass June - 2005 eRA Curator
Park Grass June - 2005Park Grass June - 2005 eRA Curator
Park Grass May 1990 Plot 1 close upPark Grass May 1990 Plot 1 close up eRA Curator
Park Grass May 1990 Plot 14Park Grass May 1990 Plot 14 eRA Curator
Park Grass May 1990 Plot 14Park Grass May 1990 Plot 14 eRA Curator
Park Grass May 1990 Plot 3 close upPark Grass May 1990 Plot 3 close up eRA Curator
Park Grass Species Chart - 2016Park Grass Species Chart - 2016 eRA Curator
Park Grass Species Chart - 2016Park Grass Species Chart - 2016 eRA Curator
Park Grass aerialPark Grass aerial eRA Curator
Park Grass aerial - 2005 fPark Grass aerial - 2005 f eRA Curator
Park Grass aerial - 2005 pPark Grass aerial - 2005 p eRA Curator
Park Grass harvestPark Grass harvest eRA Curator
Park Grass harvestPark Grass harvest eRA Curator
Park Grass harvestPark Grass harvest eRA Curator
Park Grass pH - 2016Park Grass pH - 2016 eRA Curator
Park Grass pH - 2016Park Grass pH - 2016 eRA Curator
Park Grass sorting - 1930Park Grass sorting - 1930 eRA Curator

Key References

2022

  • - Addy, J. (2022) "Reproduction of Figures for: A heteroskedastic model of Park Grass spring hay yields in response to weather suggests continuing yield decline with climate change in future decades", Rothamsted Research DOI: https://doi.org/10.23637/rothamsted.988x5
  • - Addy, J. W. G., Ellis, R. H., MacLaren, C., Macdonald, A. J., Semenov, M. A. and Mead, A. (2022) "A heteroskedastic model of Park Grass spring hay yields in response to weather suggests continuing yield decline with climate change in future decades", Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2022.0361

2021

  • - Cabrera, J. C. B., Hirl, R. T., Schaufele, R., Macdonald, A. and Schnyder, H. (2021) "Stomatal conductance limited the CO2 response of grassland in the last century", BMC Biology, 19, 50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-00988-4
  • - Addy, J. W. G., Ellis, R. H., Macdonald, A. J., Semenov, M. A. and Mead, A. (2021) "Changes in agricultural climate in South-Eastern England from 1892 to 2016 and differences in cereal and permanent grassland yield", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 308-309, 108560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108560
  • - Glendining, M. J., Poulton, P. R., Macdonald, A. J. and Gregory, A. S. (2021) "Park Grass Experiment lime treatments, 1856-2021", Electronic Rothamsted Archive, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK DOI: https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-LimeTreats-01
  • - Rothamsted_Research (2021) "Park Grass experiment plan and treatments since 1965, updated 2018", Electronic Rothamsted Archive, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK DOI: https://doi.org/10.23637/rpg5-plan1965-01

2017

  • - Bowley, H. E., Mathers, A. W., Young, S. D., Macdonald, A. J., Ander, E. L., Watts, M. J., Zhao, F. J., McGrath, S. P., Crout, N. M. J. and Bailey, E. H. (2017) "Historical trends in iodine and selenium in soil and herbage at the Park Grass Experiment, Rothamsted Research, UK", Soil Use and Management, 33, 252–262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12343

2016

  • - J. Storkey, A.J. Macdonald, J.R. Bell, I.M. Clark, A.S. Gregory, N.J. Hawkins, P.R. Hirsch, L.C. Todman and Whitmore, A. P. (2016) "The Unique Contribution of Rothamsted to Ecological Research at Large Temporal Scales.", Advances in Ecological Research (eds: A.J. Dumbrell , R.L. Kordas and G. Woodward - Academic Press), Vol 55, Chapter 1, pp. 3–42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.08.002

2015

  • - Storkey, J., Macdonald, A. J., Poulton, P. R., Scott, T., Kohler, I. H., Schnyder, H., Goulding, K. W. T. and Crawley, M. J. (2015) "Grassland biodiversity bounces back from long-term nitrogen addition", Nature , 528, 401–4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16444

2010

2009

2006

2005

  • - Crawley, M. J., Johnston, A. E., Silvertown, J., Dodd, M., de Mazancourt, C., Heard, M. S., Henman, D. F. and Edwards, G. R. (2005) "Determinants of species richness in the Park Grass experiment", American Naturalist, 165, 179–192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/427270

1998

  • - Kunin, W. E. (1998) "Biodiversity at the edge: A test, of the importance of spatial "mass effects" in the Rothamsted Park Grass experiments", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 207–212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.1.207

1996

  • - Poulton, P. R. (1996) "Park Grass. ", Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Report No. 7, GCTE Task 3.3.1, Soil Organic Matter Network (SOMNET), 1996 Model and Experimental Metadata (Smith P. , Smith J.U. and Powlson D.S. (eds) - GCTE Focus 3 Office, Wallingford, UK), 129–132
  • - Poulton, P. R. (1996) "The Park Grass Experiment, 1856-1995", NATO advanced research workshop, Evaluation of soil organic matter models using existing long-term datasets, NATO ASI Series I: Global Environmental Change, (Powlson D. S. , Smith P. and Smith J.U. (eds) - Springer-Verlag, Berlin), Vol 38, 377–384

1994

  • - Jenkinson, D. S., Potts, J. M., Perry, J. N., Barnett, V., Coleman, K. and Johnston, A. E. (1994) "Trends in Herbage Yields over the Last Century on the Rothamsted Long-Term Continuous Hay Experiment", The Journal of Agricultural Science, 122, 365–374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600067290

1992

1976

  • - Thurston, J. M., Dyke, G. V., Williams, E. D. and Snaydon, R. W. (1976) "The Park Grass Experiment on the effect of fertilisers and liming on the botanical composition of permanent grassland and on yields of hay." DOI: https://doi.org/10.23637/rothamsted.99118
  • - Thurston, J. M., Williams, E. D. and Johnston, A. E. (1976) "Modern developments in an experiment on permanent grassland started in 1856: effects of fertilizers and lime on botanical composition and crop and soil analyses", Annales Agronomiques, 27, 1043–1082

1964

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For further information and assistance, please contact the e-RA curators, Sarah Perryman and Margaret Glendining using the e-RA email address: era@rothamsted.ac.uk