Saxmundham Rotation II
- Experiment Code: S/RN/2
- Experiment Site: Saxmundham
- Objectives: To investigate the effects of soil P and fresh fertilizer P on the yields of arable crops at a range of soil P values.
- Description: The experiment consists of 8 Main Strips (originally 10). Between 1899 and 1968 various combinations of FYM and P fertilizer applied to these Main Strips resulted a wide range of Olsen P values (4-65 mg/kg Olsen P). By 1969 the eight strips were divided into four blocks (A, B, C and D) with 20 micro-plots in each strip. On each set of micro-plots within each Strip/Block five amounts of P fertilizer were tested on potatoes, sugar beet, spring barley and winter wheat). Yields and P uptake were measured and Soil Olsen P content. Rothamsted relinquished the site in 2010. It is currently supported by the Morley Agricultural Trust Foundation and delivered by NIAB.
- Date Start: 1899
- Establisment Period End: 1968
- Date End: Ongoing
Key Contacts
Andrew Gregory
- Role: Principal Investigator
- ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7123-0784
- Organisation: Rothamsted Research
- Address: West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Paul Poulton
- Role: Principal Investigator
- Organisation: Rothamsted Research
- Address: West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Margaret Glendining
- Role: Data Manager
- ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-4629
- Organisation: Rothamsted Research
- Address: West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Nathan Morris
- Role: Principal Investigator
- Organisation: Rothamsted Research
- Address: West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
David Clarke
- Role: Principal Investigator
- ORCID: 0000-0002-3905-5725
- Organisation: Rothamsted Research
- Address: West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Funding
- The e-RA database, including the published datasets generated from it, is part of the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments - National Bioscience Research Infrastructure (RLTE-NBRI) , which also includes the Long-Term Experiments, the Sample Archive and Rothamsted's environmental monitoring activities including the weather stations and its role in the UK Environmental Change Network.
- The RLTE-NBRI is supported by the Lawes Agricultural Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Grants BBS/E/C/00005189 (2012-2017); BBS/E/C/000J0300 (2017-2022); BBS/E/RH/23NB0007 (2023-2028)).
Experimental Design
Description
- Following the previous treatments, a wide range of Olsen P values (4-65 mg P/kg) had been established. The purpose of the revised experiment was to investigate the effects of soil P and fresh fertilizer P on the yields of arable crops at a range of soil P values (Johnston et al. 1986). In 1969 the eight strips were divided into four blocks (A, B, C, D) each containing 8 main strips (1-8), each divided into 5 micro-plots (01-20) (each 5.49 x 3.56 m). Cropping and treatments to the micro-plots were phased-in, with Blocks A and B starting in 1969 and Blocks C and D in 1970. On each set of micro-plots within each strip/Block five amounts of P fertilizer were tested. On each set of micro-plots within each Strip/Block, five amounts of P fertilizer were tested, P0, P0, P1, P2, P3 (0, 0, 27.4, 54.8, 82.2 kg P/ha). These were applied every second year (see '(a)' on plan). Between 1973-1975 on Blocks A & B (1974-1976 on blocks C & D) one of the P0 micro-plots remained as P0, two micro-plots received a total of 82.2 kg P/ha as 3 annual dressings each of 27.4 kg P/ha and two micro-plots received a total of 82.2 kg P/ha as one dressing only in 1973 (or 1974) (see '(b)' on plan). From autumn 1977 (or 1978) a 'maintenance' dressing of 52.4 kg P/ha was applied every second year to two of the micro-plots; no P was applied to the others (see 'c' on the plan). Some microplots received no further applications of manure or fertilizer P after 1968 by which time a wide range of Olsen P values had been established. The decline in Olsen P in each of the eight main treatment strips was measured and, by shifting the eight decay curves horizontally, a common decay curve could be fitted to the data (Johnston et al., 1986). The half-life, i.e. the time taken for Olsen P to decline by half from any given value to an asymptote (the lowest Olsen P value measured on the experiment), could be calculated (Johnston et al., 2016 and other papers). Data from the Rotation II experiment at Saxmundham has been included in a paper published in a special issue of the Journal of Environmental Quality to mark the 350th Anniversary of the discovery of phosphorus (Johnston & Poulton, 2019).
Design
- Period: 1969 - 2010
- Number of Blocks: 4
- Number of Plots: 8
- Number of Replicates: 4
- Number of Sub-plots: 4
- Number of Harvests per Year: 1
Crops
| Crop | Years Grown |
|---|---|
| Potatoes | 1969 - 1974 |
| Sugar Beet | 1969 - 1974 |
| Winter Wheat | 1977 - 1986 |
| Barley | 1970 - 1979 |
| Faba Beans |
Factors
Factors are the interventions or treatments which vary across the experiment.
Phosphate Fertilizer Exposure
Description: Five amounts of P were tested, P0, P0, P1, P2 and P3. (0, 0, 27.4, 54.8 and 82.2 kg P /ha) applied to a range of existing soil P levels (4-65 mgP/ha). These were applied every two years.
Levels
| Level Name | Amount | Years | Frequency | Crop | Method | Chemical Form | Notes |
|---|
Measurements
| Variable | Unit | Collection Frequency |
Material | Description | Crop |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant Available Phosphorous | Annual | Soil | Olsen P in soil 0-23cm, 1969-1984 | ||
| Yield Components | t/ha | annually | AllCrops | Cereal grain and straw yields, sugar yields from sugar beet and tuber yields from potatoes, 1970-1986 | |
| Phosphorous Content | kgP/ha | annually | AllCrops | P uptake from cereal grain and straw, potato tubers, sugar from sugar beet. P uptake by beans (1980-1985) estimated. | |
| Soil Organic Carbon | occasionally | Soil | 1969, 1977/78 and 1981/2. Measured by Tinsley, 0-23cm. | ||
| Soil pH | occasionally | Soil | 1969, 1977/78 and 1981/2. pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, 0-23cm | ||
| Fertilizer N Applied | kgN/ha | annually | Fertilizer N applied to crops 1969-1986 | ||
| Fertilizer 15n Recovery | kgN/ha | annually | SpecifiedCrop | Nitrogen (N) fertilizer labelled with the heavy isotope 15N was applied to some of the winter wheat plots in the early 1980s, to determine the recovery of fertilizer N in the crop and soil. See Powlson et al (1992) for the recovery of fertilizer N applied in the autumn; Hart et al (1993) for the fate of the residues; Macdonald et al (1989) for the recovery of unused fertilizer N in the soil. The data was also used to partition losses between denitrification and leaching (Addiscott & Powlson, 1992) and to model the fate of N in crop and soil (Bradbury et al, 1993). | winter wheat |
| Exchangeable K | mg/kg | occasionally | Soil | 1970/71 and 1977/78. 0-23cm. |
Description
- The design is four large blocks each comprising 10 treatment strips. The treatments were applied once every four years. In 1952 two-thirds of the experiment was stopped, although one strip on two blocks was re-incorporated into the experiment later. See Boyd and Trist (1966) for results for this period.
Design
- Period: 1899 - 1964
- Number of Blocks: 4
- Number of Plots: 10
- Number of Replicates: 4
- Number of Harvests per Year: 1
Crops
| Crop | Years Grown |
|---|---|
| Winter Wheat | |
| Root Vegetables | |
| Barley | |
| Legumes |
Factors
Factors are the interventions or treatments which vary across the experiment.
Farmyard Manure Exposure
Description: 25.1 t/ha of FYM
Levels
| Level Name | Amount | Years | Frequency | Crop | Method | Chemical Form | Notes |
|---|
Nitrogen Fertilizer Exposure
Description: Sodium nitrate
Levels
| Level Name | Amount | Years | Frequency | Crop | Method | Chemical Form | Notes |
|---|
Superphosphate Exposure
Levels
| Level Name | Amount | Years | Frequency | Crop | Method | Chemical Form | Notes |
|---|
Description
- 4 large blocks with 8 treatment plots. Barley was grown in 1965, potatoes in 1966 and white turnips and sugar beet in 1967 and barley in 1968.
Design
- Period: 1965 - 1968
- Number of Plots: 8
- Number of Replicates: 4
- Number of Harvests per Year: 1
Crops
| Crop | Years Grown |
|---|---|
| Barley | |
| Potatoes | |
| Turnips | |
| Sugar Beet |
Factors
Factors are the interventions or treatments which vary across the experiment.
Farmyard Manure Exposure
Description: Applied to plots 4 and 5 in 1966 and 1967, a total of 100.4t/ha .
Levels
| Level Name | Amount | Years | Frequency | Crop | Method | Chemical Form | Notes |
|---|
Phosphate Fertilizer Exposure
Description: Applied to plots 5,6 (total of 246.6 kgP/ha) and 7 (total of 493.2kgP/ha) 1965-69
Levels
| Level Name | Amount | Years | Frequency | Crop | Method | Chemical Form | Notes |
|---|
Site: Saxmundham II - Saxmundham
- Experiment Site: Saxmundham
- Description: The Saxmundham experimental site is currently supported by The Morley Agricultural Foundation and delivered by NIAB.
- Visit Permitted?: No
- Visiting Arrangments: None
- Elevation: 37 Metres
- Geolocation: 52.221, 1.466
Soil
- Type: Eutric Gleysol
Sandy clay loam developed in drift over Chalky boulder clay, Beccles Series
There are currently no prepared datasets online for this experiment. However,
there may still be data available but requiring curation.
For more information please contact the e-RA curators.
License
These media (images and videos) are
available under a Creative Commons
Attribution Licence (4.0) with attribution to Rothamsted Research.
Images
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Plans and treatments
- Saxmundham Rotation II experimental details, 1969-1986: https://doi.org/10.23637/srn2-details1969-01 Including experimental plans, P treatments and crop sequence, 1969-1986; fertilizer N applications 1969-1986; %SOC, pH and exchangeable K, 1968-1982. Published as a pdf.
- Monthly summaries of meteorological data, 1966-1985. https://doi.org/10.23637/Sax-1928223556-01 Including air and soil temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed and evapotranspiration.
Key References
2019
- Poulton, P.R. and Glendining, M.J.(2019) "Saxmundham Rotation II experimental details, 1969-1986"
DOI: 10.23637/srn2-details1969-01 - Johnston, A.E. and Poulton, P.R.(2019) "Phosphorus in Agriculture: A Review of Results from 175 Years of Research at Rothamsted, UK", Journal of Environmental Quality, 48, 1133-1144
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2019.02.0078
2016
- Johnston, A.E. , Poulton, P.R. , White, R.P. and Macdonald, A.J.(2016) "Determining the longer term decline in plant-available soil phosphorus from short-term measured values", Soil Use and Management, 32, 151-161
DOI: 10.1111/sum.12253
2014
- Johnston, A.E. , Poulton, P.R. , Fixen, P.E. and Curtin, D.(2014) "Phosphorus: Its Efficient Use in Agriculture", Advances in Agronomy, 123, 177-228
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420225-2.00005-4
2013
- Johnston, A.E. , Poulton, P.R. and White, R.P.(2013) "Plant-available soil phosphorus. Part II: the response of arable crops to Olsen P on a sandy clay loam and a silty clay loam", Soil Use and Management, 29, 12-21
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00449.x
2011
- Johnston, A.E. and Poulton, P.R.(2011) "Response of cereals to soil and fertilizer phosphorus", HGCA Research Review 74 ,
1987
- Johnston, A.E.(1987) "Saxmundham Experimental Station 1899-1986. A review of the achievements during 1965-1986. ", , 265-279
Get from eRAdoc: ResReport1986p1andp2-267-281
1986
- Johnston, A.E. , Lane, P.W. , Mattingly, G.E.G. , Poulton, P.R. and Hewitt, M.V.(1986) "Effects of soil and fertilizer P on yields of potatoes, sugar beet, barley and winter wheat on a sandy clay loam soil at Saxmundham, Suffolk", Journal of Agricultural Science, 106, 155-167
DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600061864 - Goulding, K.W.T. , Poulton, P.R. , Thomas, V.H. and Williams, R.J.B.(1986) "Atmospheric deposition at Rothamsted experimental station, Saxmundham experimental station and Woburn experimental station, England, 1969-1984", Water Air and Soil Pollution, 29, 27-49
DOI: 10.1007/bf00149327
1984
- Goulding, K.W.T. and Talibudeen, O.(1984) "Thermodynamics of K-Ca exchange in soils. I. Effects of potassium and organic matter residues in soils from the Broadbalk and Saxmundham Rotation I Experiments.", Journal of Soil Science, 35, 397-408
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1984.tb00296.x
1979
- Goulding, K.W.T. and Talibudeen, O.(1979) "Potassium reserves in a sandy clay soil from the Saxmundham Experiment: Kinetics and equilibrium thermodynamics", Journal of Soil Science, 30, 291-302
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1979.tb00986.x
1972
- Hodge, C.A.H.(1972) "The soils at Saxmundham Experimental Station", , 143-148
Get from eRAdoc: ResReport1971p2-147-152
1971
- Williams, R.J.B. and Cooke, G.W.(1971) "Results of the Rotation I experiment at Saxmundham,", Part 2 , 68-97
Get from eRAdoc: ResReport1970p2-68-97
1970
- Mattingly, G.E.G. , Johnston, A.E. and Chater, M.(1970) "The residual value of farmyard manure and superphosphate in the Saxmundham Rotation II Experiment,", Part 2 , 91-112
Get from eRAdoc: ResReport1969p2-91-112
1968
- Cooke, G.W.(1968) "The Saxmundham Experiments. Weather", Harpenden , , 235-237
DOI: 10.23637/ERADOC-1-120
1967
- Cooke, G.W.(1967) "The Saxmundham Experiments. Weather and cultivations", Harpenden , , 248
DOI: 10.23637/ERADOC-1-14
1966
- Boyd, D.A. and Trist, P.J.O.(1966) "The Saxmundham rotation experiments: Rotation II, 1899-1952", Journal of Agricultural Science, 66, 337-339
DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600063632 - Trist, P.J.O. and Boyd, D.A.(1966) "The Saxmundham rotation experiments. Rotation, I.", Journal of Agricultural Science, 66, 327-336
DOI: 10.1017/S0021859600063620
1941
- Oldershaw, A.W.(1941) "Experiments on arable crops at Saxmundham", Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, 102, 136-155
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For further information and assistance, please contact the e-RA curators, Sarah Perryman and Margaret Glendining using the e-RA email address: era@rothamsted.ac.uk