Default Title

  • Experiment Site:
  • Date Start:
  • Date End: Ongoing

Funding

  • The e-RA database, including the published datasets generated from it, is part of the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments - National Bioscience Research Infrastructure (RLTE-NBRI) , which also includes the Long-Term Experiments, the Sample Archive and Rothamsted's environmental monitoring activities including the weather stations and its role in the UK Environmental Change Network.
  • The RLTE-NBRI is supported by the Lawes Agricultural Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (Grants BBS/E/C/00005189 (2012-2017); BBS/E/C/000J0300 (2017-2022); BBS/E/RH/23NB0007 (2023-2028)).

Experimental Design

Site: - StationName

Datasets available

Title (hover for a longer description) Year of Publication Identifier Version

Crop nutrient data

Rothamsted long-term liming experiment grain mineral composition 2021 10.23637/rcs10-rltlgrain-01
01
Woburn long-term liming experiment grain mineral composition 2021 10.23637/wcs10-wltlgrain-01
01
Broadbalk Crop Nutrient Content, Wheat 1968-2017 2021 10.23637/rbk1-BKNUTRW-01
01

Crop yield data - Annual

Hoosfield mean long-term spring barley yields 1852-2015 2017 10.23637/KeyRefOAHByields
01
Rothamsted long-term liming experiment crop yield 1962-1996 2020 10.23637/rcs10-rltlyields-01
01
Woburn long-term liming experiment crop yields 1962-1996 2020 10.23637/wcs10-wltlyields-01
01
Broadbalk Wheat annual grain and straw yields 1852-1925 2021 10.23637/rbk1-1796346264-1
01
Broadbalk Wheat annual grain and straw yields 1926-1967 2023 10.23637/rbk1-yld2667-01
01
Broadbalk Wheat annual grain and straw yields 1968-2022 2023 10.23637/rbk1-yld6822-01
01
Broadbalk field bean yield components 1968-2022 2023 10.23637/rbk1-beanyld6822-01
01
Broadbalk forage maize yields 1997-2017 2023 10.23637/rbk1-fmyield9717-01
01
Woburn Erosion Reference Experiment crop yields. 2024 10.23637/wrn20-yield-01
01
Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment yields 1927-1942 2022 10.23637/wxb6-yield2742-01
01
Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment yields 1943-1966 2022 10.23637/wxb6-yield4366-01
01
Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment yields 1877-1926 2022 10.23637/wxb6-yield7726-01
01
Fisher 1921 Broadbalk wheat grain yields 1852-1918 2018 10.23637/rbk1-data-fisher-1921-01
01
Dataset: Park Grass Hay Yields, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1903-1964 2022 10.23637/rpg5-yields1903-1964-01
01
Dataset: Park Grass Hay Yields, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1965-2018 2021 10.23637/rpg5-yields1965-2018-01
01
Woburn Ley-arable experiment: yields of wheat as first test crop, 1976-2018 2022 10.23637/wrn3-wheat7618-01
01
Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment yields 1927-1942 2022 10.23637/wxw6-yield2742-01
01
Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment yields 1943-1966 2022 10.23637/wxw6-yield4366-01
01
Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment yields 1877-1926 2022 10.23637/wxw6-yield7726-01
01
Exhaustion Land Experiment annual crop yields 1902-1939 2022 10.23637/REX4-YLD0239-01
01
Exhaustion Land Experiment annual crop yields 1940-1975 2022 10.23637/REX4-YLD4075-01
01
Exhaustion Land Experiment annual crop yields 1856-1901 2022 10.23637/REX4-YLD5601-01
01
Broadbalk Wheat yields and N uptake Section 1, 2001-2015 2022 10.23637/rbk1-yldS10115-01
01

Crop yield data - Summary

Broadbalk mean long-term yields of winter wheat 1852-2022 2023 10.23637/rbk1/meanWWYields1852-2022-03
03
Broadbalk Wheat 10-year mean yields 1852-1967 2023 10.23637/rbk1-meanyld5267
01
Broadbalk mean long-term yields of winter wheat 1852-2018 2023 10.23637/rbk1/meanWWYields1852-2018-02
02
Broadbalk mean long-term winter wheat yields 1852-2016 2017 10.23637/KeyRefOABKyields
01

Disease data

Broadbalk Wheat brown foot rot (Fusarium spp.) 1992-2009 2021 10.23637/rbk1-bfr-01
01

Experiment details

Fosters Ley-arable Experiment cropping sequence 1949-2023 2023 10.23637/rrn2-FLAcrop4923-01
01
Highfield Ley-arable Experiment cropping sequence 1949-2023 2023 10.23637/rrn1-HLAcrop4923-01
01
Broadbalk Wheat Chalk Applications 2022 10.23637/rbk1-chalk-01
01
Woburn Ley-arable experiment cropping sequence 1938-2020 2022 10.23637/wrn3-cropping1938-2020-02
02

Soil data

Broadbalk soil organic carbon content 1843-2015 2021 10.23637/KeyRefOABKsoc-02
02
Broadbalk soil organic carbon content 1843-2010 2014 10.23637/KeyRefOABKsoc
01
Broadbalk Wilderness accumulation of organic carbon 2015 10.23637/KeyRefOABKWoc
01
Rothamsted Ley Arable Soil Organic Carbon 1948-2008; Fosters 2018 10.23637/rrn2-OARFLAsoc-1
01
Geescroft wilderness accumulation of organic carbon 2015 10.23637/KeyRefOAGEWoc
01
Rothamsted Ley Arable Soil Organic Carbon 1948-2008: Highfield 2018 10.23637/KeyRefOARLAsoc
01
Broadbalk Soil Total % Nitrogen Content, 1843-2010 2018 10.23637/BK-oadata-soilN-01
01
Rothamsted long-term liming experiment soil chemical properties 1962-1996 2023 10.23637/rcs10-soil-01
01
Highfield Ley-arable experiment soil chemical properties 1948-2014 2023 10.23637/rrn1-HLAsoc4814-01
01
Fosters Ley-arable experiment soil chemical properties 1948-2014 2023 10.23637/rrn2-FLAsoc5014-01
01
Woburn long-term liming experiment soil chemical properties 1962-1996 2024 10.23637/wcs10-soil-02
02
Hoosfield soil organic carbon content 2012 10.23637/KeyRefOAHBsoc
01
Highfield Ley Arable - Metagenomic Study 2021 PRJEB43407
01
Broadbalk changes in Olsen P in top soil, 1843-2010 2016 10.23637/keyrefoabkolsenp
01
Park Grass Soil pH 1856-2011 2016 10.23637/KeyRefOAPGsoilpH
01
Woburn Continuous Barley Experiment soil data 1876-1932 2022 10.23637/wxb6-soil7632-01
01
Park Grass Metaproteome 2022 10.6019/PXD017392
01
Woburn Ley-arable experiment soil organic carbon, 1938-2009 2022 10.23637/wrn3-soc3809-01
01
Acid Strip soil pH and phosphorus concentration 2010 2022 10.23637/rrs9-SOIL2010-01
01
Highfield Bare Fallow soil chemical properties, 1959-2014 2021 10.23637/rrs1-SOILCN1959-2014-01
01
Woburn Continuous Wheat Experiment soil data 1876-1932 2022 10.23637/wxw6-soil7632-01
01

Species observation data

Park Grass Changes in Mean Species Numbers 1864-2011 2016 10.23637/KeyRefOAPGspecies
01
Cirsium arvense frequency on Broadbalk Section 8 1991-2018 2019 10.23637/bbk-2078416917-01
01
Dataset: Park Grass Species, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 2010-2012 2022 10.23637/rpg5-species_2010-2012-01
01
Dataset: Park Grass Species, Fertilizer and Lime Treatments 1991-2000 2021 10.23637/rpg5-species_1991-2000-01
01
Broadbalk Weed Survey Data 1991-2021 2023 10.23637/rbk1-weeds_1991-2021_01
01
Park Grass Plot Photos 2022 10.23637/rpg5-plotphotos-01
01

Weather Data

Saxmundham monthly meteorological summaries 1966-1985 2019 10.23637/Sax-1928223556-01
01
Mean Seasonal Air Temperature and Total Seasonal Rain at Rothamsted 1968-2022 2023 10.23637/rms-RothSeasonTotRainMeanTemp1968-2022
01

Weather data - 30 year means

Rothamsted 30-year mean meteorological data 1961-1990 2019 10.23637/OARES30YrMeans6190
01
Rothamsted 30-year mean meteorological data 1971-2000 2019 10.23637/OARES30YrMeans7100
01
Rothamsted 30-year mean meteorological data 1981-2010 2019 10.23637/OARES30YrMeans8180
01
Rothamsted 30-year mean meteorological data 1991-2020 2021 10.23637/OARES30YrMeans9120
01

Weather data - Rainfall

Total Monthly Rainfall at Rothamsted March 1853 - July 2018 2018 10.23637/RMMRAIN5318
01
Total Monthly Rainfall at Rothamsted March 1853 - December 2023 2024 10.23637/rmsTMRain18532023-01
02
Mean monthly rainfall at Rothamsted October 1985-September 2017 2020 10.23637/rmsMMRain10850917
01

Weather data - Temperature

Annual Mean Air Temperature at Rothamsted 1878-2023 2024 10.23637/rms-RMAAtemp-03
04
Annual Mean Air Temperature at Rothamsted 1878-2019 2020 10.23637/rms-RMAAtemp-02
02
Annual Mean Air Temperature Anomaly at Rothamsted 1878-2019 2020 10.23637/rms-RMAAtempanomaly-1
01
Mean monthly temperature at Rothamsted October 1985-September 2017 2020 10.23637/rmsmmtemp10850917
01
Annual Mean Air Temperature at Rothamsted 1878-2013 2017 10.23637/KeyRefOARESmatemp
01
.

License

Creative Commons License These media (images and videos) are available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence (4.0) with attribution to Rothamsted Research.

Images

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The electronic Rothamsted Archive, e-RA, provides a permanent managed database to both securely store and disseminate data from Rothamsted Research's long-term field experiments (since 1843) and meteorological stations (since 1853). Both historical and contemporary data are made available via this online database which provides the scientific community with access to a unique continuous record of agricultural experiments and weather measured since the mid-19th century. The data are accompanied by extensive supporting documentation and the e-RA curators provide tailored assistance and support in selecting and understanding data as suits users' needs.

Further information on the development of e-RA and cases studies of uses of the data are described in Perryman et al, 2018 and in Ostler et al, 2023.

The e-RA project is an ongoing process with more data from Rothamsted's historical long-term experiments being provided continuously to make it an ever-growing resource.

Today e-RA is part of the Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments - National Bioscience Research Infrastructure (RLTE-NBRI), which also covers maintenance of the Long-Term Experiments, the Rothamsted Sample Archive and Rothamsted's environmental monitoring activities including the weather stations and its role in the UK Environmental Change Network

The RLTE-NBRI is funded by UK Research and Innovation - Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UKRI-BBSRC) under award BBS/E/RH/23NB0007 (2023-2028). The RLTE-NBRI is also supported by the Lawes Agricultural Trust. e-RA has been part of a National Capability since 2012, previous awards from the BBSRC were Grants BBS/E/C/00005189 (2012-2017) and BBS/E/C/000J0300 (2017-2022).

The development of e-RA

Plans for e-RA were laid out in 1990 and it was initiated in 1991, funded by the Lawes Agricultural Trust (LAT) and the Leverhulme Trust. At this stage, it was based on an ORACLE database management system under the UNIX™ operating system and programs specific to e-RA were written to perform tasks of data entry, description, and extraction. Perl scripts were used to generate static content HTML pages. A dedicated website for data extraction and background information was developed and this was one of the earliest data portal sites in the UK. The initial test version of the e-RA database Version 1 was available with a limited subset of data in 1993.

A major refactoring of the e-RA code base began in 2005 and, following migration to Microsoft SQL Server, Version 2 of the e-RA database was released to Rothamsted users in February 2009. A new e-RA website was released in March 2011, incorporating an extensive overhaul of the previous site with major additions to the content including comprehensive background information about the field experiments and meteorological data.

Refinements were made to the database to provide public access to an updated e-RA V2 and the launch of the e-RA database externally to the wider scientific community in May 2013. The most recent major addition to e-RA was the Document Archive (e-RADoc) which contains scanned copies historical document. Selected datasets started being made Open Access in 2013 and provided with Digital Object Identifiers from 2017. In May 2021 a new version of e-RA was released incorporating FAIR data principles (Wilkinson et al 2016).

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All experiments in Database

Experiment Code Purpose Started
Brooms Barn Meteorological Station BMS Brooms Barn Research Centre
Acid Strip R/RS/9 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Alternate Wheat and Fallow R/WF/3 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Amounts of Straw - Rothamsted R/CS/326 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Broadbalk R/BK/1 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Continuous Maize - Rothamsted R/CS/477 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Exhaustion Land R/EX/4 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Garden Clover R/GC/8 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Geescroft Wilderness R/GE/9 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Highfield Bare Fallow R/RS/1 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Highfield Conversion R/CS/767 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Hoosfield Spring Barley R/HB/2 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Park Grass R/PG/5 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Rothamsted Long-term Liming R/CS/10 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Agdell R/AG/6 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Arable Reference Plots - Rothamsted R/RN/5 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Barnfield R/BN/7 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Barnfield Mangolds X4 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Barnfield Sugarbeet X5 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Cereal Disease Reference Plots R/RN/9 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Cultivation Weedkiller Rotation Experiment R/RN/8 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Deep Cultivation Rotation Experiment X8 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Delharding Reserve Site R/RS/5 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Factors Limiting Yield - Winder Oilseed Rape R/RA/1 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Fallow Reversion Plots - Geescroft R/CS/684 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Fallow Reversion Plots - Highfield R/CS/683 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Fosters Ley Arable R/RN/2 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Four Course Rotation Experiment, Residual Values o X3 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Fumigation R/RO Rothamsted Experimental Station
Geescroft Fallow R/RS/2 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Grazed Reference Plots R/CS/2 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Highfield Ley Arable R/RN/1 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Hoosfield Leguminous Plants X14 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Intensive Barley Followed by Wheat after Intensive R/CS/6 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Irrigation R/RN/11 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Levels of N & K R/CS/1 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Long Period Cultivation Experiment BB/1 To compare the effects on crop yield and weed infestation of continued ploughing, rotary cultivation, with the Simar implement and stirring the soil with a cultivator. To investigate the value of cyanamide as a weed-killer. Rothamsted Experimental Station
Maize and Nitrogen R/MA/1 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Market Garden W/RN/4 Rothamsted Experimental Station
N and Crop Physiology R/WW/3 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Nitrogen Levels to Old Grass R/CS/13 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Nitrophosphates - Potatoes R/P/5 Rothamsted Experimental Station
NPK to Old Grass R/CS/14 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Residual Phosphate R/RN/7 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Residual Values Experiment X11 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Rothamsted Meteorological Station RMS Rothamsted Experimental Station
Six Course Rotation Experiment - Rothamsted X10 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Three Course Rotation Experiment, Effects of Straw X2 To test the long-term effects of raw straw ploughed in and straw compost on a three course rotation. Rothamsted Experimental Station
Two Course Rotation Experiment, Effect of Agricult X1 Rothamsted Experimental Station
Miscanthus sinensis giganteus study R/CS/408 Saxmundham Experimental Station
Saxmundham Rotation 1 S/RN/1 Saxmundham Experimental Station
Saxmundham Rotation 2 S/RN/2 Saxmundham Experimental Station
Saxmundham Meteorological Station SMS Saxmundham Experimental Station
Amounts of Straw - Woburn W/CS/326 Woburn Experimental Farm
Continuous Maize - Woburn W/CS/478 Woburn Experimental Farm
Liquid Sludge Experiment W/CS/428 Woburn Experimental Farm
Metal Salts Experiment W/CS/439 Woburn Experimental Farm
Sewage Cake Experiment W/CS/427 Woburn Experimental Farm
Continuous Wheat and Barley X6 Woburn Experimental Farm
Irrigation Experiment X13 Woburn Experimental Farm
Rotation and Fumigation W/RN/15 Woburn Experimental Farm
Woburn Ley Arable W/RN/3 Woburn Experimental Farm
Woburn Long-term Liming W/CS/10 Woburn Experimental Farm
Woburn Meteorological Station WMS Woburn Experimental Farm

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This dataset is available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence (4.0) with the following conditions of re-use:

  1. Where the data is presented, either in original or derived form, such as a graphic or summary statistics, you must always use the following attribution statement to acknowledge the source of the information: Contains data supplied by Rothamsted Research.
  2. Dataset citation helps us to monitor how LTE datasets are being used and report their continuing impact to funders, therefore you must ensure the dataset is correctly cited and includes the dataset DOI. See How to Credit for more details on dataset citation.
  3. If you publish using data or material from LTE datasets, in addition to following the data citation guidelines above, we also request you notify us of the publication.
  4. If you require significant support from Rothamsted Scientists to compile, understand or analyse a dataset we request co-authorship on publications using the data.
  5. Any reasonable changes made to the dataset must be indicated but not in a way that suggests Rothamsted Research endorses the change or use.
  6. Rothamsted Research may publish corrected or updated versions of the dataset without notice. All published datasets are version controlled.
  7. You must not intentionally misrepresent the dataset. If you have any doubts about interpretation of the data please contact the e-RA curators and they will be happy to support you.

If you are uncertain how best to use the dataset or do not understand some aspect of the dataset, the accompanying metadata and supporting information or conditions of use, you are strongly advised to contact the e-RA Data Curators for support.

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Imperial to Metric units

Imperial unit Metric unit
1 inch (in.) 2.540 centimetres (cm)
1 foot (ft) (= 12 in.) 30.48 cm
1 yard (yd) (= 3 ft) 0.9144 metre (m)
1 square yard (sq yd) 0.8361 sq m
1 acre (= 4840 sq yd) 0.4047 hectare (ha)
1 ounce (oz) 28.35 grams (g)
1 pound (lb) 0.4536 kilogram (kg)
1 hundredweight (cwt) (=112 lb) 50.80 kg
1 unit (1% of a cwt) (=1.12 lb) 0.508 kg
1 ton (= 2240 lb) 1.016 metric tonnes (= 1016 kg)
1 pint 0.5682 litre (l)
1 gallon (gal) (= 8 pints) 4.546 litre
1 fluid ounce = 1/20 pint 0.02841 litre = 28.41 ml
1 cubic foot 28.32 litre
1 bushel 36.369 litre

Conversion Factors:

To convert Multiply by
oz/acre to g/ha 70.06
Ib/acre to kg/ha 1.121
cwt/acre to kg/ha 125.5
cwt/acre to tonnes/ha 0.1255
unit/acre to kg/ha 1.255
tons/acre to kg/ha 2511
tons/acre to tonnes/ha 2.511
gal/acre to litre/ha 11.23

Meteorological data:

To convert Multiply by
Temperature:
°F to °C subtract 32 and multiply by 0.5556
°C to °F multiply by 1.8 and add 32
Solar radiation (RAD):
J/cm2 to MJ/m2 0.01
MJ/m2 to W/m2 11.6
Wind measurements:
Knots to m/s 0.5144
From 10m to 2m height (see equation (1) below) 0.78
From 2m to 10m height (see equation (1) below) 1.28
Average daily windspeed (m/s) from total daily windrun (km in 24 hours) 0.011574
Total daily windrun (km in 24 hours) from average daily windspeed (m/s) 86.4
Beaufort wind scale number (B) to windspeed (m/s) at 10m 0.836 B3/2
Vapour pressure (VAP):
kPa to mb 10

Equations for wind measurements:

  • 1) Adjusting wind measurements for different heights of measurement:
    Vh/V10 = 0.233+0.656*log10 (h+4.75)
    where Vh = speed in knots at height h, V10 = speed at 10m and h = height in m (Met Office 1982).
  • 2) Converting the Beaufort scale wind speed:
    v = 0.836 B3/2 m/s
    Where v is the equivalent wind speed at 10 metres above the sea surface and B is Beaufort scale number.

Chemical components of fertilizers:

Oxide to element Multiply by
P2O5 to P 0.436
K2O to K 0.830
MgO to Mg 0.603
SO3 to S 0.400
CaCO3 to Ca 0.400

Epsom salts: A crystalline form of magnesium sulphate, MgSO4.7H2O.

Kieserite: A crystalline form of magnesium sulphate, MgSO4.H2O.

References:

  • Rothamsted (1974), "Conversion Factors", Yields of the Field Experiments, 1973, pp 406-407 DOI: 10.23637/ERADOC-1-98 (whole book).
  • Meteorological Office (1982) "Observer's Handbook, 4th Edition, Met.0.933
  • Meteorological data: Instrument Description
  • DEFRA (2010) "Fertilizer Manual (RB209)" 8th Edition. The Stationery Office, UK. https://ahdb.org.uk/rb209

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The e-RA database was initially developed by Jackie Potts, Andy Caiger, Kevin Crowley, Sharon Brown, Paul Verrier, Christine Thomas, Roger Payne and Joe Perry, with funding from the Lawes Agricultural Trust and the Leverhulme Trust. Alan Todd and Gill Tuck subsequently prepared and curated the data, with Bill Moore responsible for the software and database application development.

e-RA has further been considerably developed as part of the Long-Term Experiments National Capability (2017-2023) and since 2023 as part of the the National Bioscience Research Infrastructure (NBRI). This current website and data portal specifically, has been developed by the e-RA Team* consisting of the e-RA Curators, Software & Web Developer under management of the Agroinformatics Project Leader. The e-RA team* are part of the RLTE-NBRI team**.

The data made available through this portal by the e-RA team are at the end of a sequence of providers starting with the LTE manager, the Farm Staff, the Sample Collectors, the Sample Processors and Statisticians. The data and the website are a window into the Rothamsted Research Long-Term Experiments and associated data, and is the result of decades of work by many science and non-science staff and others. The list of past staff is not complete, there are many generations of past staff who have been involved in the Rothamsted long-term experiments, we are indebted to them all but have been unable to find and list all who have contributed.

Data Curation

  • *Margaret Glendining - e-RA Curator, website content, data management and curation (2008 - Current)
  • *Sarah Perryman - e-RA Curator, website content, data management and curation (2012 - Current)
  • Claudia Underwood (2008 - 2012)
  • Gill Tuck (2005 - 2008)

Software and Web Development

  • *Nathalie Castells (2006 - Current)
  • Oliver Winfield (- Current)
  • Ian Mattinson
  • Rob Higginbotham
  • Trevor Pocock
  • Bill Moore (2005 - 2010)
  • Jackie Potts
  • Andy Caiger
  • Kevin Crowley
  • Sharon Brown
  • Christine Thomas
  • Paul Verrier
  • Gavin Harrison
  • Roger Payne
  • Joe Perry

e-RA Project Management Team

  • *Richard Ostler - Project Leader and Head of Agroinformatics (2017 - Current)
  • Chris Rawlings (- 2017)
  • Malcolm Hawkesford (- 2017)

Long-term Experiments (LTE) Manager

  • **Andy Gregory (2022 - Current)
  • Andy Macdonald (2009 - 2022)
  • Paul Poulton (- 2008)

LTE Principal Investigator

  • **Andy Gregory (2022 - Current)
  • Andy Macdonald (2017 - 2022)
  • Keith Goulding (2003 - 2017)
  • David Powlson (1993 - 2003)

Placement Students

  • Matheus Menim Zimmermann, Reading University Internship (2023)
  • Fergus Blyth, MSci student, University of Glasgow (2022-2023)
  • June Kimori, Reading University (2022)
  • Daniel Philcox, Reading University (2022)

Volunteers

  • Pamela Doran (2023 - current) e-RAdoc historical document preparation
  • Kirsten Reilly (2022 - current) e-RAdoc historical document preparation
  • Peter Reilly (2022 - current) e-RAdoc historical document preparation
  • Ellen Farnham (2019) Broadbalk data entry and analysis

Visiting Workers

  • Rodger White (2020 - current)

Emeritus

  • Paul Poulton (current)
  • John Jenkyn (current)
  • Roger Plumb (current)

Data Preparation and Statistics

  • **Suzanne Clark (2018 - Current)
  • Rodger White (2009 - 2018)
  • Alan Todd (1974 - 2009)

Data Entry

  • Valerie Mitchell (- 2018)
  • Vera Wiltsher (- 2014)
  • Denise Legg (past)
  • Michelle Farnham (2014)
  • Ben Charlston (2009)

Data provision

Meteorological Stations

  • **Tony Scott (2007 - Current)
  • Dave Yeoman ( - 2007 - Woburn and Rothamsted)
  • John Croft - Met Observer (past)
  • Bob Norrish (past)
  • Denise Legg (past)
  • Chris Hall (past)
  • Paul Hargreaves (past)
  • Tim Hall (1990s)
  • Helen Martin (past)
  • Alan Thornhill (past)
  • Aiming Qi (past)
  • Phil Styles (past)
  • Andrew Hunt (past)

Crop and soil sample collection and processing

Crop/Vegetation data
  • **Emily Greene (2022 - Current)
  • **Chris Hall (2007 - Current)
  • **Tony Scott (Park Grass vegetation surveys 2010 - Current)
  • Jon Storkey (Park Grass vegetation surveys 2010 - Current)
  • Maureen Birdsey (Park Grass vegetation Survey - past)
  • Mariana Marczyova ((Park Grass vegetation survey - past)
  • Richard Hull (Broadbalk weed surveys - Current)
  • Andy Macdonald (2008 - 2022)
  • Paul Poulton (1980 - 2008)
  • Steve Freeman (2013 - 2020)
  • Holly Addis (2020 - 2022)
  • Phil Cundill (past-2005)
Soils
  • **Emily Greene (2022 - Current)
  • Andy Gregory (2016 - Current)
  • Chris Hall (2007 - Current, Park Grass)
  • Andy Macdonald (2008 - 2022)
  • Paul Poulton (1980 - 2008)
  • **Tony Scott (2008 - Current)
  • Steve Freeman (2013 - 2020)
  • Mariana Marczyova (2008 - 2013)
  • Holly Addis (2020 - 2022)
  • Michelle Farnham (2020 and 2021)

Crop, soil, and environmental water analyses conducted by the Rothamsted Research Analytical Chemistry Facility - Harpenden

Soil and Plant material:
  • Exchangeable Cations Extraction by Andrew Osborne and ICP-OES Analysis by Mark Durenkamp and Chloe Garwood
  • Olsen P Extraction by Ruth Skilton / Andrew Osborne and Colourimetric Analysis by Wendy Wilmer
  • pH in water Analysis by Chloe Garwood / Andrew Osborne
  • Total N and C Combustion Analysis by Ruth Skilton
  • Major and Trace element Determination Digestion by Chloe Garwood and ICP-OES Analysis by Mark Durenkamp and Chloe Garwood
  • TOC (Tinsley) - Analysis by Wendy Wilmer
  • Inorganic carbon - Analysis by Jo Carter / Andrew Osborne
Drainage water:
  • Major and Trace element Determination ICP-OES Analysis by Mark Durenkamp and Chloe Garwood
  • Anion Determination (NO3-N,NH4-N,Cl,PO4-P and TSN) Colourimetric Segmented Continuous Flow Analysis by Wendy Wilmer
  • TOC (UV wet chemistry TOC and catalytic combustion TOC) Analysis by Wendy Wilmer
Farm Yard Manure:
  • Kjeldahl Total N ( - 2021) Extraction by Melanie Brookman and Colourimetric Analysis by Wendy Wilmer
  • Combustion total N (2024 -) by Jo Carter and Ruth Skilton

Retired/past staff who conducted analyses:

  • Melanie Brookman 2013 - 2022 (Olsen P, Exchangeable Cations, pH, IC)
  • Adrian Crosland 1990 - 2017 (ICP-OES Determinations)
  • Xiaoyun Zhou 2001 - 2019 (Total N and C and Digestion)
  • Kerria Rowan 2019 - 2020 (Total N and C + Digestion)
  • Maureen Birdsey 1990 - 2000 for LTE work (Digestion Lab)
  • Jeanne Day 1990 - 2002 (Total N and C and Digestion Lab)
  • Ursula Donnellan 2008 - 2013 (Olsen P, Exch Cat, pH)
  • Anne Duffy 2007 - 2007 (Olsen P, Exchangeable Cations, pH)
  • Sadia Beg 2003/4 - 2007 (Olsen P, Exchangeable Cations, pH)
  • Daniel Hampshire 1990s - 2003/4 (Olsen P, Exchangeable Cations, pH, Total N and C).

Farm staff

Harpenden:
  • Helen Hague - Farm Manager (2022 - Current)
  • Chris Mackay - Assistant Farm Manager (2010 - Current)
  • Tim Hall - Classical Trials Specialist  / Arable Operator (1990 - current)
  • Matthew Parr - Arable Operator
  • Josh Ross - Field Trials Technician
  • Charlotte Morris - Junior Field trials Technician
  • Martin Gardner - Field trials Technician / Agricultural engineer
  • Sam Scutter - Field Trials Technician / Agricultural engineer
  • Leonardo Pessolato Piacenti - Farm Data Administrator, Data Management FarmOS
  • Fred Ledbury - Farm & Field trials Technician
  • Steven Goward - Farm Manager (past)
  • Gary Talbot - Farm Manager (past)
  • Colin Peters - Farm Manager (past)
  • Ian Barker - Farm Manager (past)
  • Roger Moffit - Farm Manager (past)
  • Chris Hall - Field Trials Technician (1987-2007)
  • Michael Rogers - Head Recorder (past)
  • Keith Sykes - Recorder (past)
  • Pete Tuck - Head of Trials (-2010)
  • Tim Parfitt - Head of Trials (2010 -)
  • Harry Henderson - Feild Trials Technician (1990s)
  • Nick Chichester-Miles - Feild Trials Technician (2007 - )
Brooms Barn:
  • Mark Gardner - Brooms Barn Farm & Field Trials Manager, LSRE
  • Samuil Dye - Brooms Barn Farm & Field Trials Technician, LSRE
Woburn:
  • Tim Parfitt - Woburn Farm Manager (past)
  • Andy Hunt - Woburn Farm Manager (1990s-)
  • Phil Styles - Woburn Farm Manager (-1990s)
  • Andrew Hunt - Woburn Recorder (past)
  • Phil Styles - Woburn Recorder (past)
  • David Turnel - Woburn recorder (previously Field Experiments)

Last updated 11th January 2024. We welcome notification of others who have contributed and should be added to this page of credits.

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In accordance with the Joint Code of Practice for Research at Rothamsted, data processing in e-RA follow rigorous standard operating procedures to ensure the quality and correctness of data collected in the field through to depositing in the e-RA database. Full details of the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) followed to ensure data quality control can be obtained from the e-RA Curators .

Sample collection procedures

Standard Operating Procedures are followed for sample collection by combine harvester, sample processing, dealing with harvest samples and preparing them for analysis, and details of additional samples from the Classical Experiments to be kept for archiving.

Data checking procedures

Until 2019, to ensure quality control during data inputting, the data sets were typed on two separate occasions (double data entry). During the second typing (verification) the data values were compared with those typed on the earlier occasion, and any discrepancies were resolved before verification continued. This procedure also set out how to handle situations where the written records were illegible or ambiguous. This procedure avoided visual checking of data, which can be very inaccurate. Once the data are entered into e-RA, they were independently back-checked against the original data sheets. They are also subject to consistency checks embedded within e-RA.

Since 2020, there is no longer any routine manual data entry, as most records are now in electronic form. New datasets, and annual updates to existing datasets, are independently back-checked with the original data source. They are also subject to consistency checks embedded within e-RA.

Downloading meteorological data

Standard Operating Procedures are followed for downloading the meteorological data from Rothamsted, Woburn and Brooms Barn automatic weather stations. The calculations of the derived variables are by standard formulae, embedded in e-RA (see derived variables ). There is also a SOP to follow for measurement of precipitation at times of snowfall (turf wall enclosure), as heavy snowfall can block the ARG100 rain guage.

Quality control of meteorological data

All equipment, including the datalogger, is checked, serviced and calibrated annually at Rothamsted, Woburn and Brooms Barn by Campbell Scientific Ltd. The Test Equipment used in the Campbell Scientific calibration/maintenance process are registered on an in-house Calibration/Maintenance database. The Test Equipment is either calibrated to National Standards by a UKAS accredited laboratory, or are calibrated in-house using instruments which have themselves been calibrated by a UKAS accredited laboratory. Hence, all equipment calibrated/maintained by Campbell Scientific Ltd is traceable to these standards.

The data are also subject to consistency checks embedded within e-RA.

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Rainfall

Rothamsted: Rainfall has been measured at Rothamsted since 1853, in various rain gauges. Data is shown here for three, RAIN, RAIN5 and RAINL:

The variable RAIN was originally recorded in a 5 inch (12.7cm) rain gauge built in a garden near the laboratory in 1852. The water collected was measured in a graduated cylinder until about 1880. The gauge was then moved to the meteorological enclosure. In 1948, a 5 inch (12.7cm) copper rain gauge of Meteorological Office standard was installed within a 0.3 m high, 1.5 m radius turf wall retained by brick to reduce wind eddies. Since 2004, when the met station was automated, RAIN has been measured by an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge of 25.4cm diameter, calibrated to tip at 0.2mm, also within the turf wall. The old 5 inch manual copper rain gauge is still used to measure precipitation fallen as snow when the tipping bucket rain gauge is blocked with snow or ice.

The manufacturers of the ARG100 state that the "ARG100 rain gauge typically captures over 5% more rainfall than most traditionally-shaped cylindrical gauges due to its unique aerodynamic shape and reduced evaporation-loss properties". This has found to be the case at Rothamsed. A review of the differences in rainfall capture between the ARG100 and the manual 5 inch gauge at Rothamsted was conducted. Using a double mass curve analysis, annual data from 1990-2017, and looking at each added year from 2004 (when the ARG100 was introduced), the overall correction factor is 1.1 or 10%. This means that the ARG100 captures 10% more rainfall than the manual 5 inch gauge. This correction is only applicable to annual and monthly totals, and to the variable RAIN at Rothamsted (ie ROTHMET only). It is not applicable to RAINL or RAIN5. To convert 5 inch data to ARG100 data, multiply by 1.1. To convert ARG100 data to 5 inch, divide by 1.1. We recommend that when you download data that spans both gauges, you multiply the 5 inch data by 1.1. Please contact the e-RA curators for more information.

The variable RAIN5 was originally recorded in another 5 inch (12.7cm) cooper rain gauge, established in 1873. Data was not recorded in e-RA after 1987. RAIN and RAINL are two separate gauges, hence the values do not exactly agree.

Data is available for RAIN from 05/02/1853 - present, except between 1880-1914. It is recommended that for a complete run of data from a standard rain gauge that a composite of RAIN and RAIN5 is used, based on RAIN, with data from RAIN5 being used from 1880-1914 only. Please contact the e-RA Curators for this data.

The variable RAIN_L measures rain in a gauge of 1/1000th of an acre (4.047 sq metres), built in 1852/53. The gauge was constructed of timber with a lead funnel. Rain was collected daily in carboys and weighed to estimate the amount of rain. In 1873 a new gauge was installed and the carboys replaced by galvanized iron calibrated cylinders to measure rainfall. The old gauge was replaced by an identical new one in 1992. For details of the early history of the 1/1000th acre rain gauge, see Lawes, Gilbert & Warington, 1881 (J Royal Agric Soc 17: 241-279) or contact the e-RA Curators.

From 2004 onwards the calibrated cylinders were replaced by an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge (Campbell Scientific, ARG100) calibrated to tip with every 0.0025mm of rain. In July 2010 the lead lining was stolen and it was replaced by a new stainless steel funnel of grade 316 and dimensions 2213mm x 1829mm in February 2011. No RAIN_L data was collected for this period.

Since 2004, when the met station was automated, RAINL may have been underestimating rainfall when rain is intense. RAINL should only be used in conjunction with the drainage data, which has the same surface area (DR20, DR40, DR60). For general daily rainfall data please use RAIN. It is recommended that if you use RAINL, RAIN should be used as a check.

"Missing values" There are many instances before 2004 when no data is shown for RAIN and RAINL. This is because a 'trace' of rain, snow, mist, dew or fog was manually recorded. A 'trace' is less than 0.05mm. For most purposes a missing value can be assumed to be zero. However, if you would like further details of traces of rain recorded between 1853 and 2003, please contact the e-RA Curators.

Rain duration RDUR has been measured at Rothamsted since 1931. It is defined as the number of hours during which rain fell over the previous 24 hours, recorded at 0900 GMT each day. Originally it was measured by a Negretti and Zamra natural siphon rain recorder. Rain was collected in a float chamber and recorded on a daily chart on a clock drum, which recorded 10mm of rain before siphoning began and the recording restarted at the bottom of the chart. In 1978 this was replaced with a Cassella recorder with a diameter of 20.3cm. Since 2004 it has been measured by an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge.

Woburn: Rainfall (RAIN) was originally measured manually using a 5" (12.7cm) copper cylindrical rain gauge. Since 1999, when the met station was automated, rainfall has been measured by an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge of 25.4cm diameter, calibrated to tip at 0.2mm (Campbell Scientific, ARG100).

Brooms Barn: Rainfall (RAIN) was originally measured manually using a 5" (12.7cm) copper cylindrical rain gauge. Since 2004, when the met station was automated, rainfall has been measured by an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge of 25.4cm diameter, calibrated to tip at 0.2mm (Campbell Scientific, ARG100).

Percolation (drainage)

Measured at Rothamsted only: Three drain gauges (20, 40 and 60 inches) were constructed at Rothamsted in 1870. They consist of undisturbed blocks of soil 20, 40 and 60 inches (51,102 and 152 cm, respectively) deep and are equal in area to the rain gauge of 1/1000th of an acre.

The gauges were constructed by digging under and around the block of soil, placing perforated plates underneath at the required depth and bricking up the sides. The soil around the gauges remained undisturbed throughout the construction process. Drain water was originally measured by weighing the carboys of collected water (as for 1/1000th of an acre rainfall above), but these too were replaced by calibrated cylinders. In 2004 those were replaced by the electronic tipping bucket rain gauge. Percolation is the total over the previous 24 hours, recorded at 0900GMT. All three drain gauges remain as originally built. The soil has never been deep cultivated or cropped and the top is kept clear by hand weeding.

Temperature

Daily temperature is measured over the 24 hour period 0900 to 0900GMT; this is used for the previous day's maximum (TMAX) and the current day's minimum temperature (TMIN). All other temperatures are recorded at 0900GMT. Until 1970 all temperatures were measured in ºF; since 1972 they have been recorded in ºC. All temperatures in e-RA are displayed as ºC.

Rothamsted:

Air temperatures: Maximum (TMAX) and minimum (TMIN) air temperatures were first recorded in 1878. TMAX was recorded using a mercury column thermometer and TMIN using a spirit-in-glass with indicator bar minimum thermometer. In 1915 dry (DRYB) and wet (WETB) bulb mercury column thermometers were introduced to record air temperatures and calculate variables such as relative humidity, vapour pressure and dew point. GRSMIN, the minimum temperature on grass, was first recorded in 1909 using a spirit-in-glass with indicator bar minimum thermometer.

On 15th January 2014 WETB was discontinued and replaced by a Relative Humidity Sensor (Campbell Scientific, MP100A) to measure relative humidity (RELH) and from which vapour pressure (VAP) and dew point (DEWP) are now calculated after the method of Buck (1981).

Soil temperatures are recorded at 0900GMT. They were first recorded in the 1930's using specially adapted thermometers. These were set at depths of 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 inches (10, 20, 30, 61, and 122 cm) under grass cover (G10T, G20T, G30T, E30T, E50T and E100T) and 4, 8 and 12 inches (10, 20 and 30 cm) under bare soil (S10T, S20T and S30T). G10T, G20T, G30T, S10T and S20T were in direct contact with the soil; G30T was discontinued in 1997. The thermometers used to measure E30T, E50T, E100T and S30T were encased in a glass sheath in a metal tube, so that they could easily be removed to read the temperature. The bulb was set in paraffin wax to minimize rapid temperature fluctuations when the thermometer was removed from the soil.

Since 2004, all temperatures (air and soil) have been recorded by thermistors (electronic temperature probes, Campbell Scientific, type 107). For measuring soil temperatures, these are buried in the soil at the appropriate depth.

Woburn:

Air temperatures: Maximum (TMAX) and minimum (TMIN) temperatures were first recorded in 1928 using mercury column thermometers. Dry (DRYB) and wet (WETB) bulb mercury column thermometers were used to record air temperatures and calculate variables such as relative humidity, vapour pressure and dew point.

On 1st December 2009 WETB was discontinued and replaced by a Relative Humidity Sensor (Campbell Scientific, MP100A) to measure relative humidity (RELH) and from which vapour pressure (VAP) and dew point (DEWP) are now calculated after the method of Lowe (1977).

Soil temperatures were first recorded in 1928 using specially adapted thermometers. These were set at depths of 1 and 4 feet (approx. 30 and 100 cm) under grass cover. 30 cm is shown as E30T, 1928-1970, 1988 onwards, G30T, 1971-1987; 100cm is shown as E100T, 1928-1967, 1971 onwards, E122T, 1968-1970. From 1968, soil temperatures were also measured at 2 feet (approx.50cm) under grass cover. This is shown as E50T, 1971 onwards, E60T, 1968-1970. Soil temperatures under bare soil were measured at 4 and 8 inches (10 and 20 cm, S10T and S20T).

Sunshine hours

Rothamsted: Sunshine readings (hours of bright sunshine, SUN) over a 24 hour period 00.00-24.00 hrs GMT were first recorded in 1892 using a Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder. The sun's rays are focused onto a card (treated to prevent it from catching fire) and the brown scorch mark on the card is then measured. The cards are of varying lengths applicable to the time of year (winter, equinox, and summer). Since 2004 sunshine has been calculated using the Campbell-Stokes equation from solar radiation measured using a Kipp and Zonen thermopile pyranometer.

The maximum temperature in the sun, SUNMAX, was recorded between 1915 and 1935 using a black bulb in vacuo.

Woburn: Since 1999 sunshine (hours of bright sunshine, SUN) has been calculated using the Campbell-Stokes equation from solar radiation measurements using a Kipp and Zonen thermopile pyranometer. Previously it was measured with a sunshine recorder.

Solar Radiation

Rothamsted: Total solar radiation (RAD) over 24-hour periods 00.00-24.00 hrs GMT. Measurements have been made since 1921, but the earliest recorded data in e-RA are from 1931. There were several gaps between 1921 and 1923, probably due to equipment malfunction, so these early data have little value. From 1921-1930, radiation was calculated in calories/cm2 but from January 1931, radiation was expressed in Joules/cm2, and these are the data that have been included in e-RA. Penman (1974, see key references below) stated that 'Apart from periods for instrument repairs, solar radiation has been recorded daily at Rothamsted since October 1921. The first instrument was a Callendar recorder, purchased by the Plant Physiology Department of Imperial College in 1916, and run at Rothamsted for the Department from 1921. In 1943 Professor Blackman asked Rothamsted to take over the instrument and be responsible for all future repairs and replacements. Right up to 1954 there was great uncertainty about the sensitivity, and as the original supplier had ceased to make them the replacement then sought had to be found elsewhere: Over the first 30 years the readings were probably accurate enough for the use that could be made of them at the time … (but are not good enough for present needs) … In 1955 a Moll-type solarimeter (Kipp) was installed with a paper chart recording potentiometer. As before, daily totals were obtained by planimeter integration - a tedious and awkward task - until in 1958 an automatic integrator was added with a digital counter set to register directly in cal/cm2 ' (Rothamsted Weather, Rothamsted Report for 1973, Part 2, 172 - 201).

Radiation figures between 1947 and 1954 were noted by Monteith to be 20% higher than would be expected (and the same probably applies to earlier data). Thus, data from before 1955 should be treated with some caution. A Kipp integrator and recorder was in use from 13th November 1975. A (new) Kipp and Zonen integrator was installed in 1989. In 2004 this was replaced by a Kipp and Zonen thermopile pyranometer.

Data from Rothamsted are recorded as J/cm2. To convert to MJ/m2 divide by 100. To convert MJ/m2 to W/m2 multiply by 11.6.

Woburn: At Woburn solar radiation (RAD) is measured using a pyranometer (Kipp and Zonen, CM6B), and are recorded as MJ/m2.

Wind

Rothamsted: Wind direction (WDIR) has been measured since 1853. Wind direction is shown in e-RA as an angle, going clockwise from North. 360 = North, 90 = East, 180 = South, 270 = West. The reading 0 (or 000) indicates that there is no wind, ie the windspeed is 0 m/s. A WDIR reading of 0 with a windspeed greater than 0 implies that the WDIR is 360 degrees (North).

Wind speed was originally estimated using the Beaufort scale. It is shown in e-RA as wind force (WFORCE) from 1915 to 1959. From 1960 onwards it is shown as wind speed (WINDSP) converted from knots to m/s (1 knot = 0.514 m/s).

The Beaufort scale can be adjusted to wind speed using the following equation:

V = 1.624 x SQRT (B3)

Where V = wind speed in knots, B = Beaufort scale (1 knot = 0.514 m/s) (Met Office 1982).

Wind direction (WDIR) and wind speed (WINDSP) were then measured by wind vane and a cup anemeometer linked to a Munro roll chart recorder (model IM175) installed in 1978. From 2004 an electronic wind vane (Vector Instruments, W200P) and cup anemometer (Vector Instruments, A100LK/2) were installed at a height of 12.8m above ground level. The standard height for surface wind measurements over open and level terrain is 10m. However, no correction is needed for wind speeds measured between 8 and 13m (Met Office, 1982). We therefore assume a mid-point height of 10m. From 2004 wind direction and speed are calculated as an average over 10 minutes from 8.50 to 9am

Measurements of wind run (WINDRUN) are available from 1946 onwards, first measured using a cup anemometer with a calibrated meter installed at a height of 2m. From 2004 to January 2014 wind run has been measured using an electronic cup anemometer (see above). The cup anemometer was at a height of 12.8m. This was then corrected to 2m by multiplying by 0.78:

Vh/V10 = 0.233+0.656*log10 (h+4.75), where Vh = speed in knots at height h, V10 = speed at 10m and h = height in m (Met Office 1982).

Since February 1st 2014 a second cup anemometer (Vector Instruments A100LK) installed at a height of 2m has been used to measure wind run, so no adjustment for height is now required.

Woburn: Wind speed was originally estimated using the Beaufort scale. It is shown in e-RA as wind force (WFORCE) from 1928 to 1967. From 1968 onwards it is shown as wind speed (WINDSP) converted from knots to m/s.

The Beaufort scale can be adjusted to wind speed using the following equation:

V = 1.624 x SQRT (B3)

Where V = wind speed in knots, B = Beaufort scale (1 knot = 0.514 m/s). (Met Office 1982).

From 01/07/1999 onwards wind speed has been measured using an automated cup anemometer at 2m height. This sensor was replaced in July 2008 with a new cup anemometer (Vector Instruments, A100LK). The values in e-RA have been adjusted to the standard height of 10m (Met Office, 1982).

Wind run (WINDRUN) was first measured using a cup anemometer installed at 2m with a calibrated meter. Since July 1999 it has been measured by a cup anemometer at 2m, the same instrument used for measuring wind speed (see above).

Wind Direction (WDIR) was estimated from a wind vane with fixed ordinal points. In 1999 this method was replaced by an electronic wind vane ( Vector Instruments, W200P).

Brooms Barn: Windspeed is measured at 2m and adjusted to the standard height of 10m by multiplying by 1.28. Between 24th May 2012 and 11th December 2012, windspeed was a 10 minute average, recorded between 8.50 and 9.00am. Since 2013 it has been a point value recorded at 9.00am.

The Brooms Barn meteorological station is approx. 30m from the main buildings, which are approx. 10m high. This may cause some interference with the measurement of wind speed and wind direction, as ideally a mast with wind sensors should be a minimum of 10 times the height of the nearest building away from the nearest building (ie at least 100m apart). This gives enough fetch for the wind to settle down. The met station and main building have always been in these positions.

Evaporation

Rothamsted: In 1924, a brick-lined pit 8ft (2.44m) and 20ft (6.1m), surrounded by 12 cylinders set in the soil was built at the Rothamsted meteorological enclosure. The cylinders were 6ft (1.83m) deep and 2ft 6in. (0.76m) in diameter and made of cast iron lined with a 1/2in. layer of bitumen painted concrete; the bottom of the cylinders sloped down to an outlet pipe accessible from the pit. Five of the cylinders were filled with a sandy loam from Woburn, the soil texture being uniform throughout. Three of the soil cylinders had turf laid on top of the soil; the other soil surfaces were kept bare. The soil was left to settle and weather for 16 years. Ten cylinders were joined up in pairs at the outlets, each soil cylinder being connected to an unfilled cylinder, so forming a set of U tubes. Waterproof covers were provided for the unfilled cylinders (minors) to prevent entry of rain and to reduce evaporation losses to negligible amounts. The minors were filled with water until the soil or turf surfaces were flooded, then water was run out until the water-table had reached a pre-determined depth below the surface. One of the minors was filled to near the brim and the level kept at 1 in. below the surface and this was selected as the open water standard. For further details refer to Penman (1948).

A standard meteorological Office evaporation tank was installed in 1945. The galvanized iron tank measured 2ft 6in (0.76m) in diameter and was 2ft (0.61m) deep. The water level was kept at or near ground level, leaving a projecting rim of 3in (7.62 cm). The level was read daily with a hook gauge reading to 1/100 in., and topped or drained as necessary.

Evaporation measurements ceased in 1974 and values were instead derived from wet and dry bulb temperatures (see Derived Variables).

Relative Humidity

Relative Humidity RELH was originally derived from wet and dry bulb temperatures. A Relative Humidity Sensor (MP100A, made by Rotronics, supplied by Campbell Scientific) replaced the wet bulb sensor at Woburn and Brooms Barn in 2009 and at Rothamsted in 2013. The MP100A was replaced by an EE181 E+E RH probe, which is made by E+E Elektronic Corporation, supplied by Campbell Scientific, at Brooms Barn on April 25th, Woburn on July 3rd and Harpenden on August 7th 2018.

Vapour pressure

Rothamsted: Vapour pressure (VAP) was calculated from 1946 to January 2014 from Wet Bulb (WETB) and Dry Bulb (DRYB) temperature (see Derived Variables). This is calculated in kPa and converted to mb in the e-RA output. mb=kPa x 10.

On 15th January 2014 WETB was discontinued and replaced by a Relative Humidity Sensor (Campbell Scientific, MP100A) to measure relative humidity (RELH) . From January 15th 2014 onwards Vapour Pressure has been calculated within the datalogger from Relative Humidity and Dry Bulb temperature after Buck (1981 - see Derived Variables).

Woburn: Vapour pressure (VAP) was calculated from July 1999 to November 2009 from Wet Bulb (WETB) and Dry Bulb (DRYB) temperature (see Derived Variables). This is calculated in kPa and converted to mb in the e-RA output. mb=kPa x 10.

There were problems with the Wet Bulb thermometer drying out, and data from the end of 2009 was unreliable. In December 2009 a Relative Humidity sensor was fitted (Campbell Scientific, MP100A) to the datalogger and the Wet Bulb thermometer discontinued. From December 2009 onwards Vapour Pressure has been calculated within the datalogger from Relative Humidity and Dry Bulb temperature after Lowe (1977 - see Derived Variables).

Barometric pressure

Rothamsted: Atmospheric pressure was measured with a mercury barometer from 1915 to 2003 (BAR). A thermometer attached to the instrument casing (known as the attached thermometer, THERM) was used to measure the temperature of the mercury column from which the density of the mercury was established. Pressure corrected to mean sea level (BAR_MSL) is also available from 1950 to 1977.

Woburn: A mercury barometer was used to measure atmospheric pressure from 1928 to 1970, and 1988-1999 (BAR). A thermometer attached to the instrument casing (known as the attached thermometer, THERM) was used to measure the temperature of the mercury column from which the density of the mercury was established. Pressure corrected to mean sea level (BAR_MSL) is also available from 1928 to 1967.

For further details of measurement of barometric pressure see Met Office (1982) page 103.

Other variables

Visual measurements of cloud cover, state of the ground's surface, visibility, current weather, etc were collected daily and entered into a diary. The codes used are based on Meteorological Office Standard weather codes. Visual measurements ceased to be made at Woburn in 1999 and at Rothamsted in May 2007. For full details for the various codes used, please contact the e-RA Curators

Cloud cover CLOUD is recorded in Oktas, on a scale of 0 to 9. 0 represents clear sky, 8 complete cloud cover with 9 representing fog.

Other variables were recorded onto Meteorological Office return sheets as extra columns. Evaporation, vapour pressure, dew point and potential soil moisture deficit are derived from wet and dry bulb temperatures (see Derived Variables).

Compiled by Claudia Underwood, Tony Scott and Margaret Glendining, Rothamsted, 2010, updated 2017. With thanks to Tony Scott for the Rothamsted Met Station images, and John Jenkyn for information about radiation measurements at Rothamsted.

Key References

  • Meteorological_Office (1982) "Observer's Handbook, 4th Edition, Met.0.933"
  • P.R.Lowe (1977) "An Approximating Polynomial for the Computation of Saturation Vapor Pressure", Journal of Applied Meteorology, 16, 100-103
    10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0100:AAPFTC>2.0.CO;2
  • Penman, H. L. (1974) "Rothamsted Weather", Rothamsted Experimental Station Annual Report for 1973, Part 2, 172-201
    Get Paper from eRAdoc
  • Penman, H. L. (1948) "Natural Evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 193, 120-145

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e-RA provides two types of access to data from the Rothamsted Long-term Experiments National Capability.

Open Access Datasets (OADs) e-RAdata*
Registration Form On first download, there is a form to fill in, but none of the fields are mandatory. We do not ask for email or confirmation of identity. The form lasts for seven days after first login.

Register

This requires registration for a password.

Cost Free Free**
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Description

Summary OADs = summary data or selected plots/years with limited supporting metadata.
Complete OADs = frictionless format datasets with detailed metadata, machine-readable.

Provides access to daily meteorological (met) data and additional LTE data not yet formatted as Open Access Datasets (OADs). It also provides access to original digitised data not included in the OADs.
  • *e-RAdata is the new name of the e-RA Data Extraction Tool (DET): if you already have an account with us, you do not need to reapply
  • **For large commercial requests we charge a fee to cover staff time for preparing a dataset.

Summary of all experiments and data

Open Access Datasets (OADs)

These are curated datasets accompanied by metadata and supporting documentation to support interpretation and re-use by dataset users. However, while the e-RA curators have made every effort to provide sufficient documentation to allow users to independently use these datasets, users are still strongly encouraged to contact the e-RA Data Curators for support if needed.

Summary OADs provide averaged or selected data with some accompanying metadata and descriptions in a simple .xlsx file. These provide a summary overview of key data, findings, trends, or changes in the data averaged across a restricted number of plots and/or years. Both LTE and met data are in this format. Meteorological (met) data present daily data averaged to monthly or annual values.

Complete OADs provide comprehensive data with full metadata contained in a frictionless file format (both .xlsx and machine readable). These provide all plots and years relating to a distinct period of time in an LTE, with treatments, agronomic information and yields provided. Currently only LTE data is provided in this format.

All OADs are published with a citable DOI (a permanent unique identifier for a dataset) and are free to use under a CC-BY-4.0 license, therefore if you use the dataset you must give appropriate credit by citing the dataset using the provided citation which includes the DOI. Any reasonable changes made to the dataset must also be indicated but not in a way that suggests Rothamsted Research endorses the user or the use.

Before downloading a dataset you should read the Conditions of Use and must adhere to these conditions.

What data is included in OAD?

All LTE data is gradually being converted to Open Access Datasets, it is an ongoing process.

For LTEs, the data provided in the OA datasets may represent a subset of experimental treatments, crops or plots for an LTE. If this is the case, the data included is determined by the LTE data curators using the following criteria:

  1. Sufficient documentation exists to support interpretation and re-use of the data.
  2. Usefulness, importance, relevance and/or comparability of an experiment treatment to other treatments in the LTE or other LTEs.
  3. Popularity based on previous use and requests for research.

The digitised original data not included in published datasets is accessible from e-RAdata on request for access.

The daily met data is accesible from e-RAdata, and is updated on a daily basis.

How can I find Open Access Datasets?

These datasets are grouped by their LTE or meteorological station. You can find datasets either under the Experiment Data/Meteorological Data menu item above and following a link for an LTE or met station, which will display all relevant published datasets for that LTE or met station. Alternatively, under the Experiments menu item above, follow a link to an LTE or met station then click the Datasets tab. This will display the same list of published datasets.

Why am I asked to provide some information when first downloading published datasets?

Registration is free and we ask you some information for the following reasons:

  1. It helps us to understand who is using the data and how.
  2. It allows us to measure the use and impact of the LTE data and report to our funder, the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. Demonstrating continuing use and impact helps to ensure this data resource continues to be funded and the data remain accessible.
  3. This information helps us to prioritise data curation activities.

e-RAdata

e-RAdata, the e-RA database, provides access to original LTE and daily meteorological data, once a Request access to e-RAdata form has been completed. The database is accessible online using the password protected e-RA data extraction tool.

Before requesting access to the e-RA database, please review the published datasets as these provide many of the most widely useful and usable e-RA data.

To request access please complete the Request access to e-RAdata form.

After you submit your request the e-RA Data Curators will provide a password and may contact you to identify the right data for your research question.

Please note, if your request requires significant support and time from the e-RA Curators to help in the interpretation or preparation of datasets we may request co-authorship in any research publications. For large commercial requests we charge a fee to cover staff time for preparing a dataset.

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The published datasets from Rothamsted's Long-term Experiments are important scientific research outputs from these experiments and must be properly cited if re-used or referred to in any publication or other output.

Correct dataset citations:

  • formally acknowledges the author's sources
  • makes finding source data easier
  • supports reproducible research
  • allows the impact of datasets to be tracked and reported
  • provides a structure which recognises data creators and curators

All published datasets on e-RA are provided with a DataCite Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

You must ensure the dataset is correctly cited and includes the dataset DOI, either where it is presented or in the reference list of any publications, reports or other outputs which use this dataset in whole or in part. Correct citation of datasets helps us to monitor their use and report their continuing impact to funders. We provide the appropriate citation example on most of our publications. An example of a recommended citation is:

Rothamsted Research (2018). Broadbalk Soil Total % Nitrogen Content, 1843-2010 Electronic Rothamsted Archive, Rothamsted Research 10.23637/BK-oadata-soilN-01

Where information from the e-RA website and/or data is presented, either in original or derived form such as a graphic or table, in addition to using the citation above, you must always use the following attribution statement to acknowledge the source of the information:

We thank the Lawes Agricultural Trust and Rothamsted Research for information and data from the e-RA database. The Rothamsted Long-Term Experiments - National Bioscience Research Infrastructure (RLTE-NBRI) is funded by the UK Research and Innovation - Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UKRI-BBSRC) under award BBS/E/RH/23NB0007 (2023-2028). The RLTE-NBRI is also supported by the Lawes Agricultural Trust.

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Open Access Datasets (OAD) Registration Datasets e-RAdata*
Registration Form N/A Register Register
Cost Free Free Free**
How long is the form? N/A Simple Detailed
Membership moderation N/A Immediate Access A team member will contact you
Login info N/A Email only: You enter your registered email address, then get an email with a link to complete your login. You are then logged in for one month, or until you log out. Username and Password: You will receive login details to log into e-RAdata
Description They can be freely downloaded and provide access to data that has been averaged across a number of years or plots curated datasets accompanied by detailed metadata and supporting documentation to support interpretation and re-use by dataset users. Provides access to additional LTE data

*e-RAdata is the new name of the e-RA Data Extraction Tool: if you already have an account with us, you do not need to reapply

**For large commercial requests we charge a fee to cover staff time for preparing a dataset.

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Please refer to Rothamsted Privacy and Cookies page where you will find the Rothamsted Complete Policy in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulations (commonly known as the GDPR). This specific Policy applies to all personal data collected through the e-RA websites and applications. The main hub is at https://www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk

PRIVACY NOTICES

e-RA collects specific, relevant, and minimal personal information to provide you with the services you requested, manage our communication with you, and report our work to our funding agencies.

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We will provide this PN at the time we collect the personal information from you directly or when we first contact you, first pass the data to someone else or within a month, whichever is the earlier.

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If the applicable PN is updated substantially, we will provide you with details of the updated version. You are encouraged to check regularly for updates.

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When requesting access to e-RAdata

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The information collected via the request form is used to:

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There is a short form that collects personal information from you - name, country, institute, and reason to download is requested. These is not compulsory, and the download will still happen if you do not provide information. These are recorded in our database and really help our understanding of how our data is used, so we appreciate your help in that matter.

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era@rothamsted.ac.uk
or write to us at:
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Whilst this privacy policy sets out a general summary of your legal rights in respect of personal information, this is a very complex area of law. More information about your legal rights can be found on the Information Commissioner’s website at https://ico.org.uk/for-the-public/ .

Version Date: 20 March 2023

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Summary of all experiments and data

Summary of data available from e-RA for the Rothamsted long-term experiments, June 2023

The eight original 'Classical' field experiments started by Lawes and Gilbert in the 1840s and 1850s are underlined.

This is a work in progress, as datasets are continually being added.

††† Published complete Open Access 'frictionless' dataset, with full metadata, all plots and years
†† e-RA data, no metadata, all plots and years
† Summary Open Access data / simple spreadsheets, documents, selected plots and years
# Data in preparation
## Raw data only, not currently available

TGW = thousand grain weight
HFN = Hagberg falling number
HLWT = hectolitre weight

Long-term experiment
(see link for description)

Yields

Crop nutrients

Plant and disease surveys

Grain quality

Soil

Agronomy

Rothamsted (Harpenden)

Broadbalk Wheat (1843 -)

Continuous winter wheat / wheat in rotation with beans, potatoes, oats, forage maize or fallow

††† wheat

†† other crops

††† wheat

†† other crops

†† weeds (Section 8 no herbicides)

†† disease (take-all, eyespot, Fusarium)

†† Thousand grain weight (TGW), Hagberg falling number (HFN), Hectolitre weight (HLWT)

†† %SOC, %N, pH, Olsen P,

# exchangeable cations, bulk density

## drainage water composition

††† lime, cropping, cultivars, fertilizer, dates

† plans, FYM composition

Barnfield (1843-2001)

roots and other arable crops

##

##

 

 

##

Agdell (1848-1990)

arable rotation

##

##

 

 

##

Hoosfield Barley (1852 -)

spring barley;
potatoes and beans (1968-78)

†† barley

## other crops

††

 

†† TGW, HLWT

† %SOC,

# %N, pH, Olsen P, exchangeable cations, bulk density

† cultivars, fertilizer, dates, plan, FYM composition

Garden clover (1854 -)

red clover

##

##

 

 

##

Park Grass (1856 -)

permanent grassland

††† 1903-2018

†† 1856-1902

##

††† / †† botanical composition

 

 

† pH

# %SOC, %N, Olsen P, exchangeable cations bulk density

††† lime, fertilizer treatments, dates

† plans, FYM composition

Alternate wheat and fallow (1856-2015) wheat

††

##

 

 

##

† cultivars, fertilizer, dates, plans

Exhaustion Land (1856 -) cereals

P and K tests

††† 1856-2008

## others

††† barley P

## others

 

††† HLWT

## TGW

††† soil P

## others

††† cultivars, fertilizer, dates,

† plans

Acid strip (1850s -)

wheat on pH gradient

 

 

 

 

††† pH, soil P

 

† description

 

Wilderness expts (1880s -) regenerative woodland Broadbalk and Geescroft wilderness

† biomass

† carbon

## others

† vegetation

 

† carbon

† dates and description

 

Fosters ley-arable (1948 -) cereals and leys

#

 

 

## TGW

† /# %SOC, %N

# cultivars, fertilizer, dates

Highfield ley-arable (1948 -) cereals and leys

#

 

 

## TGW

† / # %SOC, %N

# cultivars, fertilizer, dates

Highfield bare fallow (1959 -) no crop

 

 

 

 

††† %SOC, %N, pH, soil weight

††† dates

 

Highfield conversion (2008 -) grass, arable, bare fallow

#

 

 

 

#

Long-term liming (1962-1996) arable crops

†††

†††

 

 

 

††† pH, Olsen P

# exchangeable cations

††† lime, crops fertilizers, dates

† plans

Amounts of straw (1987-2017) wheat

##

##

 

 

## %SOC

Continuous maize (1997-2015) forage maize

##

##

 

 

##

Long-term Miscanthus (1993-) Miscanthus

##

##

 

 

##

Woburn (Bedfordshire)

Woburn ley-arable (1938 -) cereals and leys

††† wheat

# others

## %N

 

## TGW

††† %SOC, %N

††† cropping

† plans, treatments, dates

Woburn continuous barley (1876-1966) barley

†††

 

 

 

††† pH, %SOC, %N, P, exchangeable Ca

††† lime, fertilizers, dates

† plans

Woburn continuous wheat (1876-1966) wheat

†††

 

 

 

††† pH, %SOC, %N, P, exchangeable Ca

††† lime, fertilizers, dates

† plans

Woburn intensive cereals (1966-1990) cereals

##

##

 

 

##

Woburn market garden (1942-2006) various crops, heavy metals / sewage sludge studies

##

##

 

 

##

Woburn green manuring rotation (1936-1963)

arable crops

##

##

 

 

##

summary data and description in papers

Woburn organic manuring (1964 -) arable crops

##

##

 

## TGW

## %SOC, %N

Long-term liming (1962-1996) arable crops

†††

†††

 

 

††† pH, Olsen P

# exchangeable cations

††† lime, crops fertilizers, dates

† plans

Woburn long-term sludge experiments (1994- ) wheat

##

##

 

 

##

Amounts of straw (1987-2017) wheat

##

##

 

 

## %SOC

Continuous maize (1997-2015) forage maize

##

##

 

 

##

Erosion experiment (1988-1998) arable rotation

#

 

 

 

# soil loss, runoff, P and C loss

summary data and description in papers

Saxmundham (Suffolk)

Saxmundham rotation 1 (1965-2010) arable crops

##

##

 

 

##

Saxmundham rotation 2 (1965-2010) arable crops

† P uptake

 

 

† %SOC, pH, exchangeable K

† plans, treatments, papers

Summary of weather data

Long-term daily meteorological data available from e-RA recorded at Rothamsted (since 1853), Woburn (since 1928) and Brooms Barn (since 1982).

Variable   Rothamsted Woburn Brooms Barn

 

Unit

Start

End date

Start

End date

Start

End date

Rainfall

mm

1853

current

1928

current

1982

current

Rainfall 1/1000th acre gauge

mm

1853

current

 

 

 

 

Drainage from 20, 40 and 60 inch rain gauges

inches

1870

current

 

 

 

 

Rainfall duration

hours

1931

current

1988

1999

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maximum temperature

°C

1878

current

1928

current

1982

current

Minimum temperature

°C

1878

current

1928

current

1982

current

Grass minimum temperature

°C

1909

current

1929

current

1982

current

Wet bulb temperature

°C

1915

2014

1928

2009

1982

2009

Dry bulb temperature

°C

1915

current

1928

current

1982

current

Dew point (derived)

°C

1915

current

1968

current

1982

current

Soil temperature under grass, various depths

°C

1931

currenta

1928

currenta

2012

current

Soil temperature under bare soil, various depths

°C

1931

current

1968

current

1982

current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sunshine

hours

1890

current

1928

current

1982

current

Total solar radiationb

Mj m-2

1931

current

1981

current

1982

current

Net solar radiation

Mj m-2

 

 

 

 

1997

current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wind direction

0-360°

1853

current

1928

current

1982

current

Wind force/speed

m s-1

1915/1960

current

1928/1968

current

2012

current

Wind run

km

1946

current

1968

current

1982

current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Barometric pressure

Mb

1915

2003a

1928

1999a

 

 

Vapour pressure (derived)

mb

1946

current

1928

currenta

1982

2009

Relative humidity (derived)

%

1925

2014

1928a

2009

1982

2009

Relative humidity (recorded)

%

2014

current

2009

current

2009

current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cloud cover

Oktas

1915

2007

1928

1999

 

 

Visibility

code

1923

2007

1928

1999

 

 

Days with hail occurring

code

1960

2007a

1968

1999a

 

 

Days with thunder occurring

code

1960

2007a

1968

1999a

 

 

Days with snow occurring

code

1960

2007a

1968

1999a

 

 

Depth of fresh snow

mm

1960

1978

1968

1978

 

 

Total depth of snow

mm

1960

2007

1968

1999

 

 

Snow lying

Code

1960

1978

1968

1978

 

 

Days with fog occurring

code

1960

1978

1968

1978

 

 

State of ground

code

 

 

 

 

1982

1996

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Daily met data for schools

6 variables

1990

current

 

 

 

 

Monthly met data for schools

4 variables

1878

current

 

 

 

 

 

a Data not measured in all years

b J cm-2 at Rothamsted

Key References

NO KEYREF PROVIDED
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For further information and assistance, please contact the e-RA curators, Sarah Perryman and Margaret Glendining using the e-RA email address: era@rothamsted.ac.uk